Table 5.

Child Mortality and Fertility

Independent Variables	Dependent Variable
	ln( TFR )	ln( TFR )	ln (u5MR)		ln( TFR )	ln (u5MR)		ln( TFR )	ln (u5MR)		ln( TFR )	ln (u5MR)		ln( TFR )
	(i)	(ii)	(iii)		(iv)	(v)		(vi)	(vii)		(viii)	(ix)		(x)
			2SLS-FE			2SLS-FE			2SLS-FD			2SLS-FD
	OLS	Fixed Effects	1st Stage		2nd Stage	1st Stage		2nd Stage	1st Stage		2nd Stage	1st Stage		2nd Stage
Malaria Ecology			0.28***			0.29***			0.05***			0.09***
			(0.05)			(0.05)			(0.01)			(0.02)
ln( under-5 Mortality Rate )	0.28***	0.24***			0.66***			0.50***			0.48***			0.28**
	(0.04)	(0.04)			(0.08)			(0.11)			(0.14)			(0.12)
Females’ Years of Sec. School	−0.04**	−0.06***				−0.08**		−0.04*				−0.03**		−0.03***
	(0.02)	(0.02)				(0.03)		(0.02)				(0.01)		(0.01)
ln( GDP pc, const. US$ )	−0.02	−0.07**				−0.13*		0.02				−0.16***		0.05*
	(−0.02)	(0.03)				(0.07)		(0.04)				(0.03)		(0.03)
Av. temperature over period (C)	0.013***	−0.005				−0.18***		0.02				−0.06***		0.015*
	(0.003)	(0.02)				(0.06)		(0.03)				(0.01)		(0.008)
Av. precip. over period (mm)	−0.004	0.007				0.05		0.0001				−0.01		−0.03
	(0.03)	(0.05)				(0.08)		(0.06)				(0.03)		(0.02)
ln( Cereal Yield per Ha. )	−0.12***	−0.02				−0.30***		0.07				−0.06**		−0.01
	(0.03)	(0.05)				(0.08)		(0.07)				(0.03)		(0.03)
N	782	782		1207			782			1074			684
Countries	98	98		133			98			133			98
F-test on instrument			33.54			31.96			15.08			27.21
Cragg-Donald statistic			149.42			161.67			11.82			3.38
Within R-squared	0.85	0.83	0.82		0.69	0.87		0.79	0.08		0.77	0.22		0.80
Sample	All developing
Country Dummies	N	Y	Y		Y	Y		Y	Y		Y	Y		Y
Year Dummies	Y	Y	Y		Y	Y		Y	Y		Y	Y		Y

Standard errors in parentheses

^***indicates signicant to 99% condence

^**to 95%, and

^*to 90%.

All regressions include a constant (not reported), cluster standard errors by country, and exclude high-income countries.