Table 6:

Robustness Checks

Independent Variables	Dependent Variable
	ln( TFR )	ln( TFR )	ln (u5MR)		ln( TFR )	ln (u5MR)		ln( TFR )	ln (u5MR)		ln( TFR )	ln (u5MR)		ln( TFR )
	(i)	(ii)	(iii)		(iv)	(v)		(vi)	(vii)		(viii)	(ix)		(x)
			2SLS-FE			2SLS-FE			2SLS-FE			2SLS-FE
	LIML	LIML	1st Stage		2nd Stage	1st Stage		2nd Stage	1st Stage		2nd Stage	1st Stage		2nd Stage
Malaria Ecology			0.31***			0.23**			0.25**			0.16**
			(0.06)			(0.10)			(0.10)			(0.07)
ln( under-5 Mortality Rate )	0.66***	0.50***			0.98***			0.31			0.49**			0.57**
	(0.88)	(0.10)			(0.13)			(0.21)			(0.20)			(0.24)
Females’ Years of Sec. School		−0.04***				−0.06*		−0.05**	−0.06*		−0.04	−0.12***		−0.06
		(0.02)				(0.03)		(0.02)	(0.03)		(0.02)	(0.04)		(0.04)
ln( GDP pc, const. US$ )		−0.02				0.04*		−0.07	0.06		0.004	−0.07		−0.01
		(0.04)				(0.06)		(0.04)	(0.07)		(0.05)	(0.07)		(0.05)
Av. temp. over period (C)		0.02				−0.15***		−0.02	−0.14*		0.03	−0.19**		0.005
		(0.03)				(0.08)		(0.05)	(0.08)		(0.05)	(0.09)		(0.05)
Av. precip. over period (mm)		0.0002				0.23		−0.03	0.25		−0.03	0.07		−0.06
		(0.05)				(0.16)		(−0.08)	(0.16)		(0.11)	(0.10)		(0.10)
ln( Cereal Yield per Ha. )		0.07				−0.08		0.19	−0.04		−0.07	−0.12		0.10
		(0.07)				(0.19)		0.15	(0.16)		(0.11)	(0.09)		(0.11)
China One-Child Policy									−0.09		−0.33***
									(0.07)		(0.03)
N	1207	782		1206			782			782		328
Countries	133	98		133			98			98		40
F-test on instrument	33.36	31.96	23.08			5.81			6.58			6.33
Cragg-Donald statistic	149.42	92.85	142.00			24.93			27.30			32.46
Within R-squared			0.92		0.83	0.92		0.91	0.93		0.77	0.85		0.64
Sample					All developing							Low-Income Only
Country Dummies	N	Y	Y		Y	Y		Y	Y		Y	Y		Y
Year Dummies	Y	Y	Y		Y	Y		Y	Y		Y	Y		Y
Population Weights	N	N	Y		Y	Y		Y	Y		Y	Y		N

Standard errors in parentheses

^***indicates signi_cant to 99% con_dence

^**to 95%, and

^*to 90%.

All regressions include a constant (not reported), cluster standard errors by country, and exclude high-income countries.