Table 1.
Characteristics of Studies Included in the Review.
| Theory | No. of Articles (%) | Study | Intervention Length (Months) | Follow-up (Months Postrandomization) | Diet Assessment Method | Setting | Participants | Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combination | 6 (30) | |||||||
| SCT, TTM, SS, SEM | Campbell et al15 | 18 | 18 | FFQ | United States; rural worksite | 859 female adults; ≥18 years | IL; computer modules + peer support | |
| SCT, TTM | Kristal et al18 | 12 | 12 | FFQ; 24-hour recall | United States; HMO participants | 1459 adults; 18-69 years | IL; self-help program via print materials, diet | |
| SCT, SEM | Lin et al19 | 18 | 18 | 24-hour recall | United States; multisite; research centers | 810 adults with hypertension; ≥25 years; BMI 18.5-45 kg/m2 | IL + GL; in-person meetings | |
| SCT, TTM | McCarthy et al20 | 2 | 12 | FFQ | United States; community | 366 African American female adults | GL; in-person meetings with supervised exercise | |
| SCT, TTM | Steptoe et al24 | 0.5 | 12 | FFQ | England; primary care center; urban, low-income community | 271 adults; 18-70 years | IL; 2 brief in-person counseling sessions + printed materials | |
| SCT, HBM, TTM | Toft et al26 | 6 | 12, 36, 60 | FFQ | Denmark; urban community | 9415 adults | IL + GL; in-person meetings | |
| SCT Only | 7 (35) | Hageman et al16 | 12 | 12, 18 | FFQ | United States; rural community | 289 female adults; prehypertension; 40-69 years | IL; in-person + phone OR newsletters |
| Mosher et al21 | 10 | 12 | FFQ | United States and Canada; home-delivered | 519 adults; breast and prostate cancer history | IL; workbook + tailored newsletters | ||
| Pakiz et al22 | 12 | 12 | 24-hour recall | United States; university research center | 77 adults; 18-80 years; high risk for recurrence of colorectal adenomas | IL; telephone counseling | ||
| Peters et al11 | 12 | 12 | 24-hour recall | United States; university research center | 86 postmenopausal female adults; 50-72 years; BMI ≥18 and <30 kg/m2 | GL; weekly sessions tapering to monthly sessions +newsletters | ||
| Pierce et al23 | 48 | 48, 72 | 24-hour recall | United States; multisite; research centers | 3008 female adults; history of breast cancer; 18-70 years | Telephone sessions + cooking classes + newsletters | ||
| Stevens et al25 | 2.5 | 12 | FFQ | United States; HMO primary care offices | 616 female adults; 40-70 years | IL; computer modules and telephone | ||
| Winett et al27 | 3 | 16 | FFQ | United States; multisite church-based centers | 1071 adults; BMI > 25 kg/m2 | IL; internet-based program with church environmental supports | ||
| TTM | 5 (25) | Johnson et al17 | 9 | 12, 24 | Stages of Change | United States; home-delivered; Stages of Change | 1277 adults; BMI 25-39.9 kg/m2 | IL; assessments with feedback and TTM stage and tools |
| Kattelmann et al12 | 2.5 | 15 | FFQ | United States; 13 college campuses | 1639 college students; 18-24 years | IL; internet and email | ||
| Prochaska et al32 | 12 | 12,24 | Diet Behavior Questionnaire | United States; home-delivered; primary care offices | 5407 adults | IL; 3 computer reports with TTM stage and tools | ||
| Racette et al10 | 12 | 12 | NIH FVS and KFFBQ | United States; worksite | 151 adults | IL + GL; assessments with feedback + group meetings | ||
| Riebe et al9 | 6 | 24 | 24-hour recall | United States; university research center | 144 adults; ≥18 years; BMI 27-40 kg/m2 | GL; in-person meetings with supervised exercise | ||
| SDT | 1 (5) | Brown et al14 | 12 | 12,18 | FFQ | US; SHARE study; recruited in Catholic churches | 801 adults; ≥18 years; Hispanic/Latino or non-Hispanic white | IL; partner enrollment; combination of self-help; in-person workshop; 5 phone calls; newsletters |
| TPB | 1 (5) | Griffin et al13 | 12 | 12 | Plasma vitamin C + FFQ | England; ADDITION-Plus study; recruited from primary care | 478 adults; 40-69 years; new type 2 diabetes | IL; 7 in-person meetings + 4 phone calls |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FFQ, Food Frequency Questionnaire; GL, group level; HBM, health belief model; HMO, health maintenance organization; IL, individual level; KFFBQ, Kristal Fat and Fiber Behavior Questionnaire; NIH FVS, National Institutes of Health Fruit and Vegetable Screener; SCT, social cognitive theory; SDT, self-determination theory; SEM, social ecological model; SS, social support; TPB, theory of planned behavior; TTM, transtheoretical model.