Table 3.

Interventions Reported by Goren et al.¹⁵

Control	Exercise + Ultrasound	Exercise + Sham Ultrasound
No treatment	Both experimental groups participated in exercise 5 days per week for 3 weeks	Both experimental groups participated in exercise 5 days per week for 3 weeks
All groups did not take NSAIDs or muscle relaxant drugs	Flexibility	Flexibility
	• Stretching of iliopsoas, quadriceps, hamstrings, and paraspinal muscles in the lumbar region	• Stretching of iliopsoas, quadriceps, hamstrings, and paraspinal muscles in the lumbar region
	Strengthening	Strengthening
	• Abdominals and posterior pelvic tilt lasting 20 minutes	• Abdominals and posterior pelvic tilt lasting 20 minutes
	Cycling	Cycling
	• Low intensity	• Low intensity
	• 5 minutes of warm up and cool down following exercise	• 5 minutes of warm up and cool down following exercise
	• 15 minutes of cycling	• 15 minutes of cycling
	10 minutes of ultrasound on paravertebral area of lumbar spine	Sham ultrasound with acoustic gel was used
	All groups did not take NSAIDs or muscle relaxant drugs	All groups did not take NSAIDs or muscle relaxant drugs
Oswestry Disability Index, Mean (SD)	Oswestry Disability Index, Mean (SD)	Oswestry Disability Index, Mean (SD)
Baseline: 32.30 (9.60)	Baseline: 25.46 (7.70)	Baseline: 26.90 (10.19)
Posttreatment: 28.60 (9.20)	Posttreatment: 21.50 (9.30)	Posttreatment: 19.10 (8.00)
Visual Analog Scale, Mean (SD)	Visual Analog Scale, Mean (SD)	Visual Analog Scale, Mean (SD)
Back pain	Back pain	Back pain
Baseline: 5.26 (3.36)	Baseline: 5.53 (1.96)	Baseline: 6.20 (2.60)
Posttreatment: 5.66 (2.90)	Posttreatment: 3.33 (2.79)	Posttreatment: 4.26 (3.26)
Leg pain	Leg pain	Leg pain
Baseline: 6.60 (2.80)	Baseline: 5.80 (2.90)	Baseline: 6.33 (3.33)
Posttreatment: 7.13 (3.04)	Posttreatment: 4.33 (2.99)	Posttreatment: 3.86 (3.02)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.