Table 4.

Interventions Reported by Koc et al.²⁹

Inpatient Physical Therapy Treatment	Lumbar Epidural Steroid Injections	Control Group
• Ultrasound for 10 minutes	• Used intralaminar method	No treatment
• 20 minutes of hot pack	• 3 mL of contrast followed by 10 mL of combination of triamcinolone (60 mg), 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride (15 mg), and normal saline (5.5 mL)
• 20 minutes of TENS to lumbar region of back
• Conservative program given 5 days per week for 2 weeks
Nottingham Health Profile; Changes in Median Scores	Nottingham Health Profile; Changes in Median Scores	Nottingham Health Profile; Changes in Median Scores
Pain (VAS)	Pain (VAS)	Pain (VAS)
Baseline: 54.1	Baseline: 56.3	Baseline: 58.6
2-week follow-up: 19.4	2-week follow-up: 7.3	2-week follow-up: 33.0
1-month follow-up: 31.2	1-month follow-up: 36.2	1-month follow-up: 20.1
3-month follow-up: 18.2	3-month follow-up: 20.5	3-month follow-up: 27.7
6-month follow-up: 23.2	6-month follow-up: 23.0	6-month follow-up: 20.1
Physical mobility	Physical mobility	Physical mobility
Baseline: 41.8	Baseline: 41.8	Baseline: 41.8
2-week follow-up: 31.2	2-week follow-up: 21.9	2-week follow-up: 31.2
1-month follow-up: 37.2	1-month follow-up: 31.9	1-month follow-up: 20.5
3-month follow-up: 32.5	3-month follow-up: 31.2	3-month follow-up: 31.0
6-month follow-up: 37.1	6-month follow-up: 31.2	6-month follow-up: 20.5
Energy	Energy	Energy
Baseline: 88.0	Baseline: 100	Baseline: 63.2
2-week follow-up: 30.4	2-week follow-up: 60.8	2-week follow-up: 63.2
1-month follow-up: 24.0	1-month follow-up: 100	1-month follow-up: 60.8
3-month follow-up: 30.4	3-month follow-up: 62.0	3-month follow-up: 100
6-month follow-up: 48.8	6-month follow-up: 81.6	6-month follow-up: 63.2
Sleep	Sleep	Sleep
Baseline: 55.9	Baseline: 58.0	Baseline: 55.9
2-week follow-up: 31.8	2-week follow-up: 26.2	2-week follow-up: 12.5
1-month follow-up: 12.5	1-month follow-up: 44.7	1-month follow-up: 12.5
3-month follow-up: 12.5	3-month follow-up: 14.3	3-month follow-up: 28.6
6-month follow-up: 12.5	6-month follow-up: 25.5	6-month follow-up: 28.6
Social isolation	Social isolation	Social isolation
Baseline: 28.9	Baseline: 41.7	Baseline: 0.0
2-week follow-up: 18.0	2-week follow-up: 22.0	2-week follow-up: 0.0
1-month follow-up: 18.9	1-month follow-up: 22.0	1-month follow-up: 0.0
3-month follow-up: 11.0	3-month follow-up: 32.0	3-month follow-up: 0.0
6-month follow-up: 0.0	6-month follow-up: 32.3	6-month follow-up: 0.0
Emotional reactions	Emotional reactions	Emotional reactions
Baseline: 33.0	Baseline: 45.0	Baseline: 23.7
2-week follow-up: 17.1	2-week follow-up: 13.3	2-week follow-up: 0.0
1-month follow-up: 15.1	1-month follow-up: 46.1	1-month follow-up: 9.7
3-month follow-up: 0.0	3-month follow-up: 41.4	3-month follow-up: 9.7
6-month follow-up: 6.9	6-month follow-up: 27.5	6-month follow-up: 0.0

Abbreviations: TENS, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; VAS, Visual Analog Score.