Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and IUD expulsion or partial expulsion at 6 months postpartum.
| Characteristic | Total (n=162) | Complete Expulsion (n=13) | Partial Expulsion (n=26) | Other IUD Outcomea (n=123) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 27.7 ± 5.1 | 29.9 ± 4.8 | 27.7 ± 4.8 | 27.5 ± 5.1 | 0.26 |
| Parity | 2 (2, 2) | 4 (2, 4) | 2 (2, 3) | 2 (2, 3) | 0.02 |
| Gestational age at delivery | 39 1/7 (38 0/7, 40 1/7) | 38 1/7 (37 0/7, 40 1/7) | 39 2/7 (39 0/7, 40 3/7) | 39 1/7 (38 0/7, 40 0/7) | 0.04 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| Unknown | 21 (13.0) | 2 (15.4) | 3 (11.5) | 16 (13.0) | 0.68 |
| Normal (<24.9) | 50 (30.9) | 3 | 6 (23.1) | 41 (33.) | |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 35 (21.6) | 5 (38.5) | 6 (23.1) | 24 (19.5) | |
| Obese (>30) | 56 (34.6) | 3 (23.1) | 11 (42.3) | 42 (34.2) | |
| Race / Ethnicity American | |||||
| Black / African | 122 (75.3) | 9 (69.2) | 20 (76.9) | 93 (75.6) | 0.67 |
| White | 20 (12.4) | 2 (15.4) | 2 (7.7) | 16 (13.0) | |
| Asian/Indian | 6 (3.7) | 1 (7.7) | 0 | 5 (4.1) | |
| Hispanic | 11 (6.8) | 1 (7.7) | 3 (11.5) | 7 (5.7) | |
| Other | 3 (1.9) | 0 | 1 (3.9) | 2 (1.6) | |
| Annual income | |||||
| <$10,000 | 46 (28.4) | 3 (23.1) | 4 (15.4) | 39 (31.7) | 0.50 |
| 10,001–30,000 | 39 (24.1) | 4 (30.8) | 7 (26.9) | 28 (22.8) | |
| >30,001 | 77 (47.5) | 6 (46.2) | 15 (57.7) | 56 (45.5) | |
| Relationship status | |||||
| Single | 51 (31.5) | 5 (38.5) | 8 (30.8) | 38 (30.9) | 0.82 |
| With a partner | 69 (42.6) | 4 (30.8) | 10 (38.5) | 55 (44.7) | |
| Married or divorced | 42 (25.9) | 4 (30.8) | 8 (30.8) | 30 (24.4) | |
| IUD placement method | |||||
| Manual | 131 (80.9) | 7 (53.9) | 18 (69.2) | 106 (86.2) | <0.01 |
| Ring forceps | 16 (9.3) | 4 (30.8) | 2 (7.7) | 9 (7.3) | |
| Unknown | 16 (9.9) | 2 (15.4) | 6 (23.1) | 8 (6.5) | |
| Provider specialty | |||||
| OB | 143 (88.3) | 13 (100) | 19(73.1) | 111 (90.2) | 0.03 |
| Family Medicine | 19 (11.7) | 0 | 7 (26.9) | 12 (9.8) | |
| Maternal weight gainb | |||||
| Normal | 102 (68.5) | 8 (66.7) | 20 (87.0) | 74 (64.9) | 0.10 |
| Above recommendation | 47 (31.5) | 4 (33.3) | 3 (13.0) | 40 (35.1) | |
| Time to IUD placement | |||||
| ≤ 10 minutes | 136 (84.0) | 11 (84.6) | 22 (84.6) | 103 (83.7) | 0.23 |
| > 10 minutes | 9 (5.5) | 2 (15.4) | 0 | 7 (5.7) | |
| Unknown | 17 (10.5) | 0 | 4 (15.4) | 13 (10.6) | |
Data are mean ± standard deviation, median (IQR), or n (%).
a
Other outcomes at 6 months were: correctly positioned IUD, malpositioned IUD, perforation, and IUD removed without ultrasound assessment.
b
According to Institute of Medicine recommendations14 based on maternal BMI.