Figure 6.

ATF3 induces IL-1β secretion by controlling ROS and Ca²⁺ levels in macrophages during S. pneumoniae infection. (A) Intracellular calcium levels were monitored at 30-min intervals from 0 to 4 hpi in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) infected with S. pneumoniae (MOI 20). (B) ADP/ATP changes in WT and ATF3 KO cells at 4 hpi. (C) Effect of S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli infection (MOI 20) on ROS production at 4 hpi. (D) Effect of the calcium uptake inhibitor Ru360 on IL-1β protein expression in WT and ATF3 KO cells. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001, two-way analysis of variance.