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. 2018 Sep 5;8:13249. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31519-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a,b) Annually integrated performance metric from equation (2) of graded films (H = 0 °C) as a function of switching temperature and gradient width for (a) reflecting films and (b) absorbing films. (c) Optimum transition temperature as a function of gradient width for absorbing and reflecting coatings. (d) Performance at the optimum transition temperatures as a function of gradient width for absorbing and reflecting coatings. (e,f) Diurnal variation in (e) film temperature, and (f) film transmittance for absorbing and reflecting coatings at their respective optimum switching temperatures when G = 10 °C.