Table 1: Targets of Autonomic Therapies in Heart Failure within the Cardiac Neuraxis.

	VNS	SCS	BAT	RDN	Stellate Ganglionectomy
Targets
	Activation of vagal efferents	Reduce afferent input	Activation of carotid sinus baroreceptor afferent fibres	Reduce renal afferent input	Reduce afferent input
	Modulate intrathoracic cardiocardiac reflexes	Modulate spinal cord sympathetic reflexes (preganglionic)	Reduce central sympathetic outflow	Reduce renal efferent output	Interrupt preganglionic sympathetic outflow to heart
	Activation of ascending afferents to modulate central reflexes	Blunt extracardiac sympathetic reflexes	Increase central parasympathetic outflow	Reduce central sympathetic outflow	Blunt extracardiac sympathetic reflexes
	Render myocytes stress-resistant	Blunt intrinsic cardiac nervous system reflexes			Blunt intrinsic cardiac nervous system reflexes
		Render myocytes stress-resistant			Render myocytes stress-resistant

BAT = baroreceptor activation therapy; RDN = renal denervation; SCS = spinal cord stimulation; VNS = vagus nerve stimulation.