Table 1.
Characteristics of the population by quartiles of cortical/total area measured at 38 % of tibial length: means (SD)
| Worst | II | III | Best | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | |||||
| Age (years) | 75 (7) | 73 (7) | 73 (6) | 73 (6) | 0.0863 |
| Smoking (pack-years) | 27 (24) | 23 (23) | 24 (26) | 25 (27) | 0.7637 |
| BMI | 27 (3) | 27 (3) | 27 (3) | 27 (3) | 0.3363 |
| Total cholesterol | 206 (38) | 211 (39) | 217 (40) | 208 (35) | 0.2374 |
| HDL cholesterol | 52 (15) | 52 (13) | 52 (14) | 51 (11) | 0.8488 |
| LDL cholesterol | 129 (36) | 134 (34) | 136 (35) | 131 (28) | 0.4678 |
| Log triglycerides | 4.71 (0.46) | 4.73 (0.46) | 4.82 (0.53) | 4.76 (0.48) | 0.3605 |
| Log PTH | 3.09 (0.46) | 3.09 (0.43) | 3.05 (0.44) | 3.01 (0.46) | 0.5387 |
| Log vitamin D | 3.9 (0.59) | 3.88 (0.58) | 4.02 (0.48) | 3.96 (0.56) | 0.3464 |
| Log adiponectin | 2.11 (0.85) | 2.28 (0.6) | 2.08 (0.69) | 2.12 (0.63) | 0.1958 |
| Log leptin | 1.49 (0.89) | 1.45 (1.07) | 1.68 (0.92) | 1.59 (0.93) | 0.3773 |
| Log high sensitivity CRP | 1.07 (1.12) | 1.1 (1.19) | 0.99 (1.04) | 0.96 (1.14) | 0.8186 |
| Log IL-6 | 0.59 (0.93) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.45 (0.84) | 0.27 (0.9) | 0.0597 |
| Log DHEA-S | 3.97 (0.94) | 4.17 (0.75) | 4.27 (0.76) | 4.3 (0.79) | 0.019 |
| Log free testosterone | 1.1 (0.75) | 1.37 (0.42) | 1.34 (0.45) | 1.39 (0.37) | <0.001 |
| Log 17β-estradiol | 2.46 (0.45) | 2.53 (0.43) | 2.54 (0.42) | 2.55 (0.42) | 0.4614 |
| PUFA intake | 7.59 (2.18) | 7.69 (2.21) | 7.64 (2.06) | 7.61 (2.19) | 0.9894 |
| MUFA intake | 35.3 (11.13) | 35.63 (11.19) | 35.96 (10.83) | 35.91 (10.26) | 0.9734 |
| MUFA/PUFA intake ratio | 4.67 (0.65) | 4.65 (0.67) | 4.72 (0.73) | 4.76 (0.66) | 0.6176 |
| Low physical activity 20–40 years | 12 | 5 | 9 | 4 | 0.1214 |
| Low physical activity last year | 48 | 47 | 42 | 50 | 0.6855 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 14.1 | 13.3 | 16.3 | 9.2 | 0.5149 |
| COPD | 18.2 | 16.3 | 22.4 | 16.3 | 0.6507 |
| Creatinine clearance <60 mL/min | 38.1 | 26.8 | 26.8 | 23.4 | 0.1198 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 10.1 | 10.2 | 3.1 | 10.2 | 0.1844 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 14.1 | 14.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 0.9538 |
| Women | |||||
| Age (years) | 80 (7) | 76 (7) | 73 (6) | 72 (6) | <0.001 |
| Smoking (pack-years) | 2 (8) | 1 (6) | 4 (8) | 2 (7) | 0.1478 |
| Years since menopause | 30 (10) | 27 (9) | 23 (8) | 22 (8) | <0.001 |
| BMI | 26 (4) | 27 (4) | 28 (5) | 28 (5) | 0.0037 |
| Total cholesterol | 227 (40) | 223 (38) | 226 (39) | 229 (39) | 0.7926 |
| HDL cholesterol | 61 (15) | 59 (17) | 61 (16) | 56 (14) | 0.0947 |
| LDL cholesterol | 141 (36) | 139 (32) | 142 (35) | 145 (35) | 0.6519 |
| Log triglycerides | 4.74 (0.41) | 4.73 (0.43) | 4.65 (0.39) | 4.78 (0.47) | 0.1625 |
| Log PTH | 3.34 (0.49) | 3.15 (0.46) | 3.19 (0.42) | 3.03 (0.48) | <0.001 |
| Log vitamin D | 3.41 (0.6) | 3.55 (0.58) | 3.58 (0.6) | 3.67 (0.57) | 0.0151 |
| Log adiponectin | 2.73 (0.71) | 2.54 (0.67) | 2.59 (0.62) | 2.49 (0.77) | 0.0793 |
| Log leptin | 2.27 (0.94) | 2.4 (0.99) | 2.67 (0.88) | 2.58 (0.97) | 0.0113 |
| Log high sensitivity CRP | 0.94 (0.97) | 0.94 (0.99) | 1.03 (1.05) | 1.14 (0.97) | 0.3683 |
| Log IL-6 | 0.34 (0.84) | 0.3 (0.73) | 0.33 (0.72) | 0.14 (0.77) | 0.1816 |
| Log DHEA-S | 3.85 (0.91) | 4.13 (0.82) | 4.27 (0.77) | 4.24 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Log free testosterone | −1.14 (0.86) | −1.13 (1.09) | −0.8 (0.74) | −0.76 (0.82) | <0.001 |
| Log 17β-estradiol | 1.66 (0.56) | 1.73 (0.55) | 1.7 (0.59) | 1.78 (0.52) | 0.5226 |
| PUFA intake | 6.33 (2.23) | 6.7 (2.13) | 6.87 (2.16) | 6.72 (2.21) | 0.3077 |
| MUFA intake | 28.14 (10.63) | 30.36 (9.11) | 30.59 (9.77) | 31.25 (10.58) | 0.1132 |
| MUFA/PUFA intake ratio | 4.47 (0.77) | 4.6 (0.73) | 4.49 (0.69) | 4.7 (0.8) | 0.0875 |
| Menopause before 40 years | 2.8 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 0.7988 |
| Low physical activity 20–40 years | 14.4 | 16.4 | 23.6 | 21.8 | 0.2499 |
| Low physical activity last year | 83.8 | 77.3 | 70 | 60 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 6.3 | 14.5 | 9.1 | 11.8 | 0.2166 |
| COPD | 2.7 | 1.8 | 9.1 | 4.5 | 0.0458 |
| Creatinine clearance <60 mL/min | 64.4 | 58.7 | 39.6 | 37.4 | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 9 | 5.5 | 2.7 | 5.5 | 0.2494 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 11.7 | 11.8 | 8.2 | 6.4 | 0.4246 |
BMI body mass index, HDL high-density lypoprotein, LDL low-density lypoprotein, PTH parathormone, CRP C-reactive protein, DHEA-S dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease