Figure 1.

Outline of our conceptual framework modelling the direct and indirect effects of a chemical contaminant using predator–prey dynamics as a case study. Two predatory species (A and B) are exposed to a chemical contaminant. (a) State 1 shows initial changes to species in the food web at the individual and community levels; (b) state 2 includes feedback loops, which show dynamic interactions between species in time and space. Increases and decreases in population size for each species are indicated by arrows. The solid arrows indicate direct effects, dashed arrows indirect effects, dotted arrows nutrient cycling and blue arrows species interactions.