Figure 1.

Mean effect sizes of prey towards (a) predator type and (b) predator familiarity. Effect size is calculated as Hedges' d; values greater than zero indicate antipredator response performed. Bars represent 95% bias-corrected confidence intervals. Letters indicate significant differences between treatments (Tukey's HSD p < 0.05). Two tests are excluded in part (a) owing to multi-species predators, and three tests are excluded in part (b) owing to predator familiarity being combined or undetermined.