Table 1.
Weighted baseline characteristics of study participants from the KNHANES (2008–2011)
| Men (n = 3383, N = 4 370 109) | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Prediabetes | Diabetes | ||
| n=1702(51.67)b | n=1037(29.76)b | n=644(18.57)b | ||
| Age (years) | 60.46 ± 0.27 | 60.63 ± 0.32 | 61.59 ± 0.41 | 0.03 |
| Weight (kg) | 65.40 ± 0.29 | 68.25 ± 0.40 | 68.97 ± 0.51 | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 167.11 ± 0.18 | 167.46 ± 0.24 | 166.72 ± 0.29 | 0.53 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.39 ± 0.09 | 24.29 ± 0.11 | 24.78 ± 0.16 | <0.001 |
| Fat mass (%) (n = 3298) | 21.74 ± 0.15 | 23.03 ± 0.18 | 23.49 ± 0.25 | <0.001 |
| Low income (n = 3342) n, (%) | 484 (11.87) | 246 (5.83) | 217 (5.53) | 0.003 |
| Physical activity n, (%)a | ||||
| low | 429 (25.90) | 259 (23.59) | 159 (24.23) | |
| moderate | 663 (36.97) | 417 (40.40) | 272 (43.13) | |
| high | 608 (37.12) | 360 (36.01) | 211 (32.64) | |
| 1700 | 1036 | 642 | 0.65 | |
| Smoking history n, (%) | ||||
| never | 305 (18.11) | 191 (16.41) | 101 (14.28) | |
| past | 817 (45.87) | 525 (48.27) | 327 (47.22) | |
| current | 580 (36.02) | 321 (35.33) | 216 (38.50) | |
| 1702 | 1037 | 644 | 0.397 | |
| alcohol consumption (g/day) | 13.42 ± 0.56 | 16.24 ± 0.77 | 15.23 ± 1.14 | 0.043 |
| hypertensiona | 848(44.13) | 705(34.1) | 446(21.7) | <0.001 |
| fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 90.99 ± 0.17 | 107.03 ± 0.27 | 141.38 ± 1.96 | <0.001 |
| fasting insulin (IU/mL) (n = 2927) |
8.74 ± 0.13 | 10.40 ± 0.19 | 10.83 ± 0.33 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (n = 1001) | 5.45 ± 0.02 | 5.91 ± 0.03 | 7.21 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR (n = 2927)a | 1.95 ± 0.03 | 2.75 ± 0.05 | 3.74 ± 0.12 | <0.001 |
| HOMAbeta (n = 2927)a | 120.59 ± 1.89 | 86.18 ± 1.53 | 58.97 ± 6.70 | <0.001 |
| DM duration (years) (n = 505) |
8.43 ± 0.34 | |||
| total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 186.99 ± 1.09 | 192.80 ± 1.40 | 181.16 ± 2.00 | 0.168 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 45.26 ± 0.36 | 45.72 ± 0.43 | 42.27 ± 0.49 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 111.77 ± 1.15 | 111.11 ± 1.46 | 99.98 ± 2.03 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 149.80 ± 4.87 | 179.85 ± 5.37 | 194.53 ± 7.85 | <0.001 |
| serum vitamin D (ng/mL) | 21.38 ± 0.29 | 21.17 ± 0.34 | 20.52 ± 0.41 | 0.062 |
aThe data are presented as n (%) or the means ± standard error (SE). n = unweighted; N = the size of Korean population estimated using sample weights; physical activity level = low (<600 MET minutes per week), moderate (≥600-<3000 MET minutes per week), high (≥3000 MET minutes per week); hypertension = diagnosis and current usage of antihypertensive drug or ≥140 mmHg systolic BP, or ≥90 mmHg diastolic BP; HOMA-IR = [fasting plasma glucose] × [fasting insulin] ×0.055/22.5; HOMA-beta = 20 × [fasting plasma insulin / ([fasting plasma glucose] × 0.055-3.5); HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
bThe prevalence (%) are presented weighted value