Table 5.

Clinical presentation of cancer of the bladder patients in Africa

	SCC	TCC	Publication
Age	45-65	65-75	Bowa et al.,[30] Alashan et al.,[13] Waihenya and Mungai[22] Groenveld et al.,[31] Thomas et al.,[33] Mapulanga et al.[32]
Sex	5-1 Ratio lower in Southern Africa, higher in North Africa	2-1	Kalaf et al.,[10] Heyns and van der Merwe,[6] Shokeir[7]
Symptoms	Painful Hematuria Necroturia 80%-95%, bladder mass 46%	Painless Hematuria 90%	Waihenya and Mungai,[22] Groeneveld et al.,[31] Thomas et al.,[33] Diao et al.[26]
Clinical stage	T2-T4 (MIBC) 60%-98%	T1 (NMIBC) 49%	Heyns and van der Merwe,[6] Ngowi et al.,[21] Rambau et al.,[28] Shokeir[7]

SCC=Squamous Cell Carcinoma, TCC=Transitional Cell Carcinoma, MIBC=Muscle-invasive bladder cancer, NMIBC=Nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer