Table 1.
Characteristics of participants at follow-up (∗: p ≤ 0.05 versus previous healthy pregnancy, #: p ≤ 0.05 versus men, ł: p ≤ 0.05 versus nulliparous women, ^: p ≤ 0.05 versus DGDM). Mean ± SEM, Median (IQR). MALE: men; NULL: nulliparous women; PREG: previous healthy pregnancy; DGDM: previous diet-treated GDM; IGDM: previous insulin-treated GDM.
| MALE | NULL | PREG | DGDM | IGDM | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | n = 15 | n = 16 | n = 25 | n = 36 | n = 10 |
| Age (years) | 35.7 ± 0.9 | 34.0 ± 0.5 | 34.1 ± 0.8 | 35.2 ± 0.7 | 36.8 ± 1.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27 ± 0.6 | 24.2 ± 1.4 | 23.6 ± 0.6 | 26.3 ± 1.0 | 24.6 ± 1.3 |
| Parity | 0 | 1 (1-2) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1-2) | |
| Level of education (1–4) | 4 (3-4) | 4 (3.5–4) | 4 (3-4) | 4 (3-4) | 3 (3–3)∗#ł^ |
| Income per capita (1–5) | 3 (2–4) | 3.5 (2.5–5) | 2 (2-3)ł | 2 (2-3)ł | 1 (1-2)∗#ł^ |
| Smoking (%) | 46.7 ł^ | 5.9 | 22.2 | 10.5 | 30.8 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | |||||
| 0 min | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 5.5 ± 0.2 |
| 30 min | 9.3 ± 0.6 | 8.8 ± 0.5 | 7.5 ± 0.3# | 9.0 ± 0.3∗ | 9.2 ± 0.6 |
| 90 min | 6.5 ± 0.5 | 5.8 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 7.3 ± 0.3∗ | 8.3 ± 0.9∗ ł |
| 120 min | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 6.7 ± 0.3∗#ł | 7.1 ± 0.8∗#ł |
| Insulin (U/ml) | |||||
| 0 min | 9.6 (4.7–10.9) | 7.6 (3.7–10.6) | 8.1 (4.5–10.1) | 9.9 (7.2–14.4) | 10.1 (4.6–15.3) |
| 30 min | 46.7 (35.2–96.2) | 54.5 (22.8–77.7) | 51.5 (30.3–67.8) | 55.6 (38.9–79.0) | 33.0 (22.6–86.9) |
| 90 min | 53.5 (32.9–106.8) | 38.1 (21.6–55.5) | 32.2 (22.9–46.0) | 72.0 (38.5–97.1)∗ | 58.0 (31.5–103.0) |
| 120 min | 33.9 (6.4–65.2) | 28.5 (16.0–50.0) | 25.1 (14.1–38.6) | 56.4 (37.1–84.8)∗# | 45.7 (26.1–86.8) |
| Prediabetes (IGT + IFG) + Diabetes (%) | 6.7 + 0 6.7 | 12.5 + 0 12.5 | 4 + 0 4 | 33.3 + 0 33.3∗ | 30 + 10 40∗ |
| HOMA2B (%) | 84.5 (73.5–99.6) | 87.1 (67.6–97.7) | 82.4 (61.8–117.2) | 98.6 (80.0–130.0) | 113.0 (67.4–151.9) |
| HOMA2S (%) | 76.6 (69.5–149.8) | 81.7 (69.8–189.5) | 94.0 (66.4–150.0) | 75.4 (51.3–104.5) | 67.1 (50.9–128.1) |
| EIR | 8.0 (5.0–15.5) | 8.8 (3.5–13.1) | 8.4 (4.5–10.9) | 7.9 (5.8–10.4) | 4.6 (1.9–14.3) |
| AUC glucose | 1210.9 ± 122.7 | 1065.4 ± 42.3 | 1011.2 ± 37.5 | 1257.9 ± 40.0∗ | 1310.1 ± 111.3∗ |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.6 ± 0.1 | 5.6 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 5.6 ± 0.1 |
| CRP (mg/l) | 0.9 (0.3–1.9) | 0.6 (0.1–1.2) | 1.5 (0.3–2.2) | 1.1 (0.8–3.9)ł | 1.5 (0.4–4.9) |
| Vitamin D3 (ng/ml) | 23.9 ± 1 | 23.0 ± 2.4 | 25.2 ± 1.8 | 25.9 ± 1.8 | 28.7 ± 3.5 |
| Estradiol (pg/ml) | 21.4 (19.0–28.2) | 109.7 (66.5–224.6)# | 75.4 (41.1–106.3)# | 111.9 (36.9–158.2)# | 82.3 (22.5–95.3) |
Level of education: 1: primary school; 2: secondary school; 3: secondary grammar school; 4: college or university degree. Monthly income per capita: 1: below 185€; 2: 185–370€; 3: 370–555€; 4: 555–740€; 5: over 740€. IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; IFG: impaired fasting glucose.