(a) Prospective studies
| Reference | Participants | Age | Follow-up (years) | Outcome | Result b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | |||||
| Bernstein 2011 [178] | 43,150 | 84,010 | 30-75 | 26 | Incident stroke | (-) |
| Burke 2007 [205] |
256 | 258 | 15-88 | 14 | CHD, mortality | ↑ |
| Dawber 1982 [185] | 912 | 30-59 | 24 | Incident CHD and blood cholesterol level | (-) | |
| Djoussé 2008 [197] | 21,327 | 0 | 40-85 | 20 | Incident MI and stroke | (-) |
| Mortality | ↑ | |||||
| Goldberg 2014 [206] | 572 | 857 | 57-75 | 11 | Incident stroke | (-) |
| Carotid atherosclerosis | ↓ | |||||
| Haring 2014 [207] | 12,066 | 45-64 | 22 | Incident CHD | (-) | |
| Houston 2011 [208] | 864 | 1077 | 70-79 | 9 | Incident CVD | ↑ especially in diabetic people |
| Hu 1999 [12] |
37,851 | 80,082 | 34-75 | 14 | Incident stroke and CHD | (-) while in diabetic people may have ↑ effect |
| Mann 1997 [209] |
4,102 | 6,700 | 16-79 | 13.3 | Ischemic heart disease mortality | ↑ |
| Nakamura 2004 [195] | 5,186 | 4,077 | 30-70 | 14 | Stroke and CHD mortality | ↑ in women |
| Nakamura 2006 [14] | 43,319 | 47,416 | 40-69 | 10.2 | Incident CHD | (-) |
| Qureshi 2006 [13] | 3,756 | 5,978 | 25-74 | 15.9 | All stroke, CAD | (-) while in diabetic people may have ↑ effect |
| Sauvaget 2003 [210] | 15,350 | 24,999 | 34-103 | 16 | Stroke mortality | (-) |
| Scrafford 2011 [196] | 14,946 | >17 | 8.8 | CHD and Stroke mortality | (-) | |
| Zazpe 2011 [45] |
6,170 | 8,015 | 20-90 | 5.8 | Incident CVD | (-) |
| Voutilainen 2013 [198] | 1,019 | 0 | 51.9 (Mean) | 18.8 | Carotid atherosclerosis, incident MI | (-) |
| Pang 2017 [211] |
8,131 | 8,463 | >60 | N/A | Serum LDL and total cholesterol | ↑ |
| Spence 2012 [212] | 669 | 593 | 46-77 | N/A | Carotid plaque area | ↑ |
| Trichopoulou 2006 [126] | 424 | 589 | 50-80 (Adult diabetics) | 4.5 (mean) | Mortality | ↑ |