Table 1.

Clinical features of trousseau's syndrome in 19 patients presenting with cerebral infarction

Patient number/author	Sex/age	Conventional vascular RF	frequency of recurrence	Imaging	DIC	D-dimer	Tumor marker	Other hints	Diagnosis of tumor	Prognosis
1/present cases	Male/65	+	3	Multiple infarcts in multiregional artery with HT	+	High	CA125, CA155, CA199, CEA	No vascular stenosis in TCCD and ultrasound	Malignant monoclonal proliferative disease of B cells	Died on the 46th day after the 3rd onset
2/present cases	Male/56	-	2	Multiple punctate infarcts in the bilateral cerebral hemispheres	+	High	NS	No vascular stenosis in TCCD and ultrasound	Lung cancer	Died on the 6th day
3/present cases	Male/50	-	2	Massive infarct in the left MCA territory	+	High	NS	NS	Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia M3	Died on the 4th day
4/Thalin et al.[3]	Male/67	-	3	Multiple infarcts of in multiregional artery with HT	-	High	NS	With concomitant cerebral and myocardial microthrombosis	Adenocarcinoma of prostate	Died in 2 weeks after the 1st onset
5/Yamane et al.[4]	Female/62	-	2	Multiple infarcts in bilateral cerebral and cerebellar	-	High	CEA	TEE showed NBTE; MRA showed occlusion of RICA	Gallbladder tumor	Survival after tumor surgically resected
6/Woo et al.[5]	Male/37	-	1	Massive left MCA territory infarction with HT	+	High	Normal	With concomitant DVT and PE	Adenocarcinoma	Died in less than 1 month
7/Tsai and Wu[6]	Male/46	+	3	Multiple infarcts in bilateral cerebral and cerebellar with HT	-	High	CEA	MDCT showed NBTE; MRA showed no focal stenosis	Adenocarcinoma of colon	Died in 3 weeks after the 1st onset
8/Chen et al.[7]	Female/66	+	3	Large infarction left hemisphere and right occipital lobe, and brainstem	-	High	CA125	Ultrasonographic duplex of carotid vessels; TTE showed normal; With concomitant DVT	Malignant struma ovarii	Died in 6 weeks after the 1st onset
9/Zis et al.[8]	Female/38	+	1	Infarction in the right cerebellum	-	NS	NS	MRA showed no focal stenosis; TTE was negative	Hepatic heman gioendothelioma	Survival at discharge
10/Yoshida et al.[9]	Male/70	-	2	Multiple infarcts in cerebellar and cerebral hemisphere	-	High	Cytokeratin 19	TTE showed no NBTE; With concomitant arterial thrombosis	Lung cancer	Died 6 months later
11/Giray et al.[10]	Male/54	-	3	Multiregional infarcts in both cerebral and cerebellar	+	High	CA199 CA155	MRA showed no stenosis; Thromboembolic lesions in multiple organs	Liver adenocarcinoma	Died of cardiac arrest 1 month later
12/Ikeda et al.[11]	Male/80	-	1	Left cerebrum and multiple small areas of bilateral cerebral cortices with HT	+	High	NS	MRA showed no stenosis; TTE showed no embolism	Lung cancer	Died on the 136th days after the onset
13/Yeh and Lin[12]	Female/62	-	1	Infarction in the right MCA and left PCA territories	+	High	CA 125	TTE, TEE and carotid duplex revealed normal findings	Ovarian tumor	Died one month after the onset
14/Yeh and Lin[12]	Female/42	-	1	Multiple infarctions on bilateral MCA, left PCA, and ACA territories	+	High	CA 199 CA 125	TTE and TEE findings were unremarkable	Endometrioid carcinoma with liver metastasis	Died before any antineoplastic therapy was given
15/Yeh and Lin[12]	Male/63	-	2	Infarctions in the right MCA and left ACA territories	+	High	NS	TTE and TEE studies also disclosed no abnormalities	Lung cancer	Died
16/Goedee et al.[13]	Female/58	-	1	Multiple bilateral infarcts	-	NS	CA 125	CTA revealednormal; TEE showed no signs of endocarditis	Ovarian tumor	Died 42 days after the initial hospitalization
17/Gundersen and Moynihan[14]	Male/59	+	2	Multiple bihemispheric infarcts	+	NS	NS	Postmortem examination revealed NBTE of the aortic valve	Adenocarcinoma of lung	Died within a week of his initial presentation
18/Chen et al.[15]	Female/81	+	2	Left posterior parietal infarcts and right ACA occlusion	+	NS	NS	Autopsy revealed vegetations of NBTE attached to the mitral valve	Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma	Died 2 weeks after the initial presentation
19/Suri et al.[16]	Female/56	NS	2	Multiple infarcts in the left temporal and thalamic regions, along with bilateral fronto-parietal regions and cerebellar	NS	High	NS	TEE showed vegetation; CTA revealed normal	Bronchogenic adenocarcinoma	NS

DIC: Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, MCA: Middle cerebral artery, PCA: Posterior cerebral artery, ACA: Anterior cerebral artery, MDCT: Multidetector computed tomography, NBTE: Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, RICA: Right internal carotid artery, PE: Pulmonary embolism, DVT: Deep vein thrombosis, TTE: Transthoracic echocardiography, TEE: Transesophageal echocardiography, CT: Computed tomography, TCCD: Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography, MRA: Magnetic resonance angiography, CTA: Computed tomography angiography, CA125: Carcinoma antigen 125, CA155: Carcinoma antigen 155, CA199: Carcinoma antigen 199, CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen, HT: Hemorrhagic transformation, L: Low, NS: Not stated, RF: Risk factor, +: Positive, -: Negative