Figure 2.
Systematic representation of the potential downstream effects of chronic stress exposure on the cerebrovasculature system. HPA: Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, ANS: Autonomic nervous system, CD14+: Cluster of differentiation 14, ET-1: Endothelin 1, TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha, PGI2: Prostaglandin I2, IL-1 β: Interleukin 1 beta, IL-6: Interleukin six. ROS: Reactive oxygen species, BH4, THB: Tetrahydrobiopterin, O2−: Superoxide, AC: Adenylyl cyclase, cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, NF-kb: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase, RAAS: Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, BP: Blood pressure, E: Epinephrine, NE: Norepinephrine