Table 2.
Univariate Analysis of Baseline Patient Characteristics and Intermediate-stage Age-related Macular Degeneration in Patients with the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
| Characteristic | Number | % with AMD* | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 1825 | 9.9 | |
| Age (years) | <0.0001 | ||
| <30 | 98 | 8.2 | |
| 30–39 | 499 | 4.0 | |
| 40–49 | 794 | 9.3 | |
| 50–59 | 364 | 16.8 | |
| ≥60 | 70 | 24.3 | |
| Gender | 0.30 | ||
| Men | 1472 | 9.5 | |
| Women | 353 | 11.3 | |
| Race & ethnicity | 0.15 | ||
| White, non-Hispanic | 828 | 8.2 | |
| African American | 688 | 11.6 | |
| Hispanic | 243 | 9.9 | |
| Other | 66 | 12.1 | |
| Smoking history | 0.02 | ||
| Current | 329 | 13.7 | |
| Former | 518 | 9.1 | |
| Never | 571 | 8.2 | |
| Enrollment cohort (year of enrollment) | 0.36 | ||
| 1998–2000 | 663 | 8.8 | |
| 2001–2004 | 721 | 10.0 | |
| 2005–2012 | 441 | 11.3 | |
| Time since AIDS diagnosis (years) | 0.37 | ||
| Quartile 1 (<1.55) | 445 | 10.1 | |
| Quartile 2 (1.55–4.33) | 457 | 7.9 | |
| Quartile 3 (4.34–7.25) | 448 | 10.0 | |
| Quartile 4 (>7.25) | 450 | 11.3 | |
| HIV transmission category | 0.003 | ||
| Male to male sexual contact | 991 | 7.7 | |
| Injection drug use | 257 | 14.4 | |
| Heterosexual contact | 474 | 12.0 | |
| Other | 103 | 5.6 | |
| Enrollment CD4+ T cells (cells/μL) | 0.98 | ||
| <100 | 519 | 10.2 | |
| 100–199 | 389 | 10.3 | |
| 200–499 | 664 | 9.6 | |
| ≥500 | 238 | 9.7 | |
| Nadir CD4+ T cells (cells/μL) | 0.25 | ||
| <50 | 953 | 9.0 | |
| ≥50 | 845 | 10.7 | |
| Enrollment HIV load (log10(copies/mL) | 0.26 | ||
| <2.6 | 627 | 8.3 | |
| 2.6–3.0 | 305 | 10.8 | |
| ≥3.0 | 786 | 10.7 | |
| Maximum prior HIV load (log10(copies/mL) | 0.98 | ||
| < 2.6 | 47 | 10.6 | |
| 2.6–3.0 | 49 | 10.2 | |
| ≥3.0 | 1645 | 9.8 | |
| HIV Treatment | |||
| Highly active antiretroviral therapy† | 0.21 | ||
| No | 276 | 12.0 | |
| Yes | 1548 | 9.5 | |
| Nucleoside transcriptase inhibitor | 0.27 | ||
| No | 208 | 12.0 | |
| Yes | 1616 | 9.6 | |
| Non-nucleoside transcriptase inhibitor | 0.24 | ||
| No | 1117 | 9.2 | |
| Yes | 707 | 10.9 | |
| Protease inhibitor | 0.09 | ||
| No | 703 | 11.4 | |
| Yes | 1121 | 8.9 | |
| Integrase inhibitor | 0.70 | ||
| No | 1781 | 9.8 | |
| Yes | 43 | 11.6 | |
| Chemokine receptor 5 antagonist | 0.42 | ||
| No | 1818 | 9.9 | |
| Yes | 6 | 0 | |
| Fusion inhibitor | 0.48 | ||
| No | 1795 | 9.8 | |
| Yes | 29 | 13.8 | |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes | 0.04 | ||
| No | 1666 | 9.4 | |
| Yes | 159 | 14.4 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.87 | ||
| No | 1428 | 9.9 | |
| Yes | 393 | 9.7 | |
| Renal impairment (elevated serum creatinine) | 0.73 | ||
| No | 1714 | 9.8 | |
| Yes | 111 | 10.8 | |
| Hypertension | 0.003 | ||
| No | 1442 | 8.8 | |
| Yes | 382 | 13.9 | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.02 | ||
| No | 1258 | 8.9 | |
| Yes | 200 | 14.0 | |
| Hepatitis C infection (sero-positive) | 0.65 | ||
| No | 1211 | 9.8 | |
| Yes | 347 | 10.7 |
*
AMD =age-related macular degeneration; percent with intermediate-stage AMD reported.
†
Highly active antiretroviral therapy = combination therapy including at least one potent antiretroviral drug (e.g. a protease inhibitor).