Table 2. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios for prostate cancer in patients with COPD and patients without COPD during the 4-year follow-up period (n = 51,096).
| Presence of prostate cancer | Non-COPD | COPD | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes/Total | 550/38,322 | 318/12,774 | < 0.001 |
| Incidence (100,000 person-years) | 361 | 633 | < 0.001 |
| Crude HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.75(1.52–2.01) | < 0.001 |
| Adjusteda HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.66(1.44–1.91) | < 0.001 |
| Two-stage method adjusted HR (95% CI)b |
1.00 | 1.62(1.40–1.87) | < 0.001 |
aAdjustment for propensity score, including patients’ age and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI).
bAdjustment for propensity score, including patients’ age, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and the missing confounders of smoking, alcohol drinking, and body mass index.