Table 5.
Abdominal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Macrophage Infiltration and Inflammatory Markers at the End of Each Diet Phase (N = 11)
| Variables | Simple Carbohydrate | Refined Carbohydrate | Unrefined Carbohydrate | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene expression of macrophage infiltration markersa | ||||
| CD14 | 1.3 (0.7–2.1) | 1.7 (1.0–2.7) | 1.3 (0.6–2.3) | 0.62 |
| CD68 | 4.1 (2.6–6.1) | 4.2 (2.7–6.4) | 3.2 (1.9–5.2) | 0.62 |
| Gene expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory markersa | ||||
| SAA-1 | 198 (52–753) | 275 (72–1054) | 133 (34–520) | 0.06 |
| Adiponectin | 189 (83–416) | 188 (88–402) | 208 (102–424) | 0.66 |
| Leptin | 10.0 (4.2–23.8) | 10.7 (4.6–25.3) | 8.2 (3.5–19.2) | 0.42 |
| IL-6 | 0.1 (0–0.1) | 0.1 (0–0.1) | 0.1 (0–0.1) | 0.92 |
| Secretion of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines | ||||
| Adiponectin (ng/g/3 h) | 498 (385–644) | 555 (429–718) | 555 (427–720) | 0.52 |
| Leptin (ng/g/3 h) | 5.3 (1.6–17.4) | 5.3 (1.6–17.5) | 5.1 (1.6–16.6) | 0.89 |
| IL-6 (ng/g/3 h) | 1.7 (0.2–5.1) | 1.4 (0.1–4.3) | 1.2 (0–4.0) | 0.07 |
Data are presented as least squares means (95% CIs). Statistical analysis was performed with repeated-measures ANOVA with the main effect of diet and covariates (phase, sequence, age, BMI, sex) and random effect of subject. When a diet effect was significant at P ≤ 0.05, multiple comparisons were carried out with the Tukey-Kramer method.
a
Gene expression data are relative to reference gene peptidylprolyl isomerase A.