Table 1.
Participant characteristics by study and case–control status*
| Study (reference) | Case–control status | No. of participants | Mean age at recruitment, y | Date of blood collection | Mean BMI, kg/m2 | Married or cohabiting, % | With higher education, % | Current smoker, % | Mean ethanol consumption, g/day |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATBC (17) | Case | 116 | 60.5 | 1985–1988 | 26.5 | 77.6 | 9.5 | 100.0 | 17.1 |
| Control | 231 | 60.5 | 1985–1988 | 25.9 | 82.3 | 6.9 | 100.0 | 16.6 | |
| BLSA (11,24) | Case | 176 | 58.9 | 1961–1995 | 25.3 | 92.6 | 92.6 | 6.9 | N/A |
| Control | 220 | 60.5 | 1963–1994 | 26.1 | 88.2 | 93.2 | 14.5 | N/A | |
| CARET (21) | Case | 300 | 63.2 | 1986–1996 | 28.2 | 82.9 | 55.2 | 47.3 | 17.5 |
| Control | 300 | 62.8 | 1986–1996 | 27.7 | 85.9 | 55.3 | 50.0 | 16.1 | |
| CLUE (9,10) | Case | 124 | 62.7 | 1974 | N/A | 92.7 | 21.0 | 23.6 | N/A |
| Control | 181 | 62.3 | 1974 | N/A | 85.0 | 24.3 | 20.4 | N/A | |
| EPIC (27) | Case | 643 | 61.0 | 1992–1999 | 26.7 | 87.7 | 25.6 | 23.0 | 22.1 |
| Control | 636 | 60.9 | 1992–1999 | 27.0 | 89.1 | 23.1 | 27.9 | 21.7 | |
| FMC (18) | Case | 166 | 58.1 | 1968–1972 | 25.8 | 89.7 | N/A | 28.8 | N/A |
| Control | 300 | 57.6 | 1968–1972 | 26.0 | 84.7 | N/A | 33.9 | N/A | |
| HHS (NBSBWG) (22) | Case | 84 | 51.3 | 1980–1982 | 26.5 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Control | 295 | 51.0 | 1980–1982 | 26.4 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| HPFS (25) | Case | 682 | 65.3 | 1993–1995 | 25.9 | 93.4 | 100.0 | 4.8 | 11.9 |
| Control | 670 | 65.1 | 1993–1995 | 26.1 | 92.8 | 100.0 | 4.0 | 11.5 | |
| JACC (23) | Case | 40 | 68.7 | 1988–1991 | 22.4 | 100.0 | 12.9 | 54.5 | 17.8 |
| Control | 101 | 67.9 | 1988–1992 | 22.4 | 92.3 | 16.9 | 36.8 | 14.3 | |
| Janus (16) | Case | 60 | 58.3 | 1973–1989 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Control | 180 | 58.3 | 1973–1989 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Janus (NBSBWG) (22) | Case | 530 | 45.9 | 1972–1990 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Control | 1538 | 46.3 | 1972–1990 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| JHCS (7,14) | Case | 188 | 62.1 | 1971–1975 | 24.1 | 92.5 | 19.1 | 27.8 | 12.4 |
| Control | 212 | 62.2 | 1971–1975 | 23.3 | 93.4 | 12.3 | 33.5 | 20.8 | |
| KPMCP (12) | Case | 45 | 71.5 | 1964–1969 | 25.7 | 86.8 | 25.0 | 20.0 | 18.7 |
| Control | 218 | 71.9 | 1964–1970 | 25.8 | 82.8 | 17.6 | 17.8 | 14.9 | |
| MCCS (26) | Case | 524 | 61.8 | 1990–1994 | 27.2 | N/A | 35.1 | 9.7 | 19.7 |
| Control | 932 | 59.1 | 1990–1994 | 27.2 | N/A | 36.7 | 12.0 | 20.9 | |
| NSHDC (22) | Case | 280 | 58.0 | 1987–2000 | 26.1 | N/A | N/A | 18.9 | N/A |
| Control | 555 | 58.0 | 1987–2000 | 26.6 | N/A | N/A | 20.4 | N/A | |
| PHS (13) | Case | 546 | 59.8 | 1982–1983 | 24.8 | N/A | N/A | 8.1 | N/A |
| Control | 701 | 60.0 | 1982–1984 | 24.7 | N/A | N/A | 8.0 | N/A | |
| ProtecT (28) | Case | 176 | 61.8 | 1999–2001 | 27.3 | 88.3 | N/A | 12.5 | N/A |
| Control | 324 | 61.7 | 1999–2001 | 27.0 | 88.8 | N/A | 10.8 | N/A | |
| RBS (8) | Case | 110 | 70.3 | 1984–1987 | 25.7 | 93.6 | 69.2 | 8.2 | 16.1 |
| Control | 322 | 70.2 | 1984–1986 | 26.1 | 90.1 | 80.5 | 7.1 | 14.6 |
The numbers of case patients and control subjects are the maximum number for whom hormone measurements were available, and numbers varied by hormone. BMI = body mass index; ATBC = Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study; BLSA = Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging; CARET = Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial; CLUE = CLUE Study, Washington County, MD; EPIC = European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; FMC = Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey; HHS = Helsinki Heart Study; NBSBWG = Nordic Biological Specimen Biobank Working Group; HPFS = Health Professionals Follow-up Study; JACC = Japan Collaborative Cohort Study; Janus = Janus Serum Bank; JHCS = Japan–Hawaii Cancer Study; KPMCP = Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program; MCCS = Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study; NSHDC = Northern Sweden Health and Disease Cohort; PHS = Physicians’ Health Study; ProtecT = Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment; RBS = Rancho Bernardo Study; N/A = data not available for this study.