A: Body weights; B–E: Photomicrographs of gross images; F–I: H&E stained images; J: qRT-PCR of pro-inflammatory cytokines; K: NEC severity scores, in neonatal mice subjected no treatment (Ctrl, Control-Breast fed) or experimental NEC treatments. PDF, pre-digested fat; IL-1b, interleukin-1 beta; TNF-a, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha. **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, each dot in dot-graphs represents data from individual mouse, scale bar =10μm.