Table 1.
Sub-Domains of Neurocognitive Measures Associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment using T-scores
| Domain | Primary Variable | Mean Contact Sport Athletes T-score mean (SD) | Mean Non-Contact Sport Athletes T-score mean (SD) | T-test score | p-value | Cohen effect (95% CI) | Intercept Shift in Contact Athletes relative to Controls | p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proxy IQ | WRAT Word Reading1 achievement test | 49.29 (±6.76) | 57.57 (±8.82) | 3.44 | 0.01 | 1.06 (3.43, 13.2) | ||
| Language | Letter Fluency (FAS Total Score)* | 52.95 (±10.98) | 47.43 (±6.83) | 1.96 | 0.06 | 0.6 (−0.03,1.24) | 8.9742 | 0.01 |
| Animal Naming Total* | 49.95 (±11.59) | 49.14 (±10.39) | 0.24 | 0.81 | 0.07 (−0.55,0.70) | −2.3015 | 0.55 | |
| NAB3 Naming** | 49.33 (±8.49) | 53.33 (±1.68) | −2.12 | 0.05 | −0.65 (−1.29,−0.01) | −2.7477 | 0.21 | |
| Visual-spatial | WAIS-III Digit Symbol*** | 55 (±9.98) | 53.38 (±8.38) | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.18 (−0.45,0.80) | 2.6053 | 0.43 |
| Trails B**** | 48.52 (±23.06) | 53.38 (±9.95) | −0.89 | 0.38 | −0.27 (−0.9,0.35) | −5.2625 | 0.41 | |
| Attention | WAIS-III Digit Span*** | 54.9 (±11.67) | 57.33 (±9.65) | −0.73 | 0.47 | −0.23 (−0.85,0.40) | 0.5543 | 0.88 |
| Trails A**** | 55.52 (±13.12) | 54.9 (±10.2) | 0.17 | 0.87 | 0.05 (−0.57,0.68) | 2.8804 | 0.49 | |
| Executive Function | DKEFS Color-Word Interference4 Inhibitioh*** | 57.67 (±4.64) | 57.19 (±8.29) | 0.23 | 0.82 | 0.07 (−0.55,0.69) | 2.5044 | 0.28 |
| DKEFS Color-Word Interference Inhibition/Switching*** | 59.14 (±5.86) | 56.48 (±8.1) | 1.22 | 0.23 | 0.38 (−0.25,1.01) | 4.6449 | 0.06 | |
| WCST5 Total Errors*** | 49.43 (±9.89) | 52.45 (±6.3) | −1.17 | 0.25 | −0.36 (−1, 0.27) | −2.9522 | 0.33 | |
| WCST Perseverative Responses**** | 49.95 (±9.46) | 51.3 (±6.06) | −0.55 | 0.59 | −0.17 (−0.8,0.46) | −1.2879 | 0.66 | |
| WCST Perseverative Errors**** | 49.95 (±9.82) | 51.75 (±6.25) | −0.70 | 0.49 | −0.22 (−0.85,0.42) | −1.5971 | 0.59 | |
| WCST Non-Perseverative Errors**** | 48.29 (±9.74) | 51.65 (±6.76) | −1.29 | 0.21 | −0.4 (−1.04,0.24) | −4.1909 | 0.17 | |
| WCST Conceptual Level Responses**** | 49.71 (±10.35) | 52.7 (±6.33) | −1.12 | 0.27 | −0.35 (−0.98,0.29) | −3.1447 | 0.32 | |
| Memory | List A Immediate Recall** | 54.48 (±10.21) | 56.71 (±8.99) | −0.75 | 0.46 | −0.23 (−0.86, 0.39) | −2.6561 | 0.44 |
| List B Immediate Recall** | 50.9 (±9.93) | 57.24 (±10.44) | −2.01 | 0.05 | −0.62 (−1.26,0.02) | −8.2536 | 0.03 | |
| List A Short Delay** | 53.48 (±10.85) | 57.33 (±8.3) | −1.29 | 0.2 | −0.4 (−1.03,0.23) | −4.2227 | 0.23 | |
| List A Long Delay** | 56.1 (±11.48) | 59.38 (±8.12) | −1.07 | 0.29 | −0.33 (−0.96,0.30) | −2.2336 | 0.53 | |
| STL6 Phrase Immediate Recall** | 41.71 (±9.72) | 45.57 (±9.66) | −1.29 | 0.2 | −0.4 (−1.03, 0.23) | −3.9058 | 0.26 | |
| STL Phrase Delayed Recall** | 45.1 (±8.81) | 48.19 (±8.43) | −1.16 | 0.25 | −0.36 (−0.99,0.27) | −2.2176 | 0.47 |
1
Wide Range Achievement Test-4 Word Reading;
2
Adjustment for Estimated IQ;
3
Neuropsychological Assessment Battery;
4
Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System;
5
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test;
6
Story Learning Trial;
*
Age, Education, and Ethnicity Normative T-Scores;
**
Age, Education, and Gender Normative T-Scores;
***
Age Normative T-Scores;
****
Age and Education Normative T-Scores