Table 4. Non-malaria children.
Post-training least square means and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by trial arm adjusted for age, sex, weight, height, HOME score, material possessions socio-economic score, and malaria exposure (cerebral versus severe malarial anemia). Least square (LS) means of the outcome variables were obtained from linear mixed effects (LME) models with two repeated measures: (1) immediately after CCRT training (post-training) and (2) 12 months following completion of CCRT training (one year follow-up). Baseline measures of the outcome variables used as covariates for added control for pre-intervention influences.
| CCRT LS Mean (95% CI) | Limited CCRT LS Mean (95% CI) | Control LS Mean (95% CI) | P-value for arm comparison | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KABC learning domain | |||||
| Post-training | 84.73 (81.99, 87.46) | 84.49 (81.88, 87.11) | 83.90 (80.97, 86.83) | 0.92 | |
| One year follow up | 79.49 (76.75, 82.22) | 78.29 (75.66, 80.92) | 76.78 (73.77, 79.80) | 0.43 | |
| KABC pattern reasoning scale | |||||
| Post-training | 4.54 (3.95, 5.12) | 4.82 (4.27, 5.37) | 4.89 (4.27, 5.50) | 0.68 | |
| One year follow up | 3.92 (3.33, 4.50) | 3.90 (3.34, 4.45) | 3.90 (3.26, 4.54) | 0.99 | |
| KABC story completion scale | |||||
| Post-training | 6.98 (6.37,7.59)# | 6.12 (5.54, 6.70) | 6.16 (5.51, 6.81) | 0.08 | |
| One year follow up | 5.06 (4.45, 5.67) | 5.13 (5.54, 5.72) | 5.03 (4.35, 5.70) | 0.97 | |
| KABC conceptual thinking domain | |||||
| Post-training | 12.26 (11.23, 13.29)* | 11.74 (10.75, 12.72)* | 9.95 (8.84, 11.05) | <0.01 | |
| One year follow up | 13.42 (12.37, 14.47)* | 12.27 (11.27, 13.26) | 11.40 (10.26, 12.54) | 0.04 | |
| KABC sequential processing domain | |||||
| Post-training | 81.50 (79.09, 83.91) | 80.63 (78.32,82.93) | 79.92 (77.33, 82.51) | 0.68 | |
| One year follow up | 77.66 (75.25, 80.07) | 76.94 (74.62, 79.26) | 76.53 (73.85, 79.20) | 0.82 | |
| KABC simultaneous processing domain | |||||
| Post-training | 71.72 (68.79, 75.65) | 71.54 (68.74, 74.33) | 71.23 (68.09, 74.36) | 0.97 | |
| One year follow up | 69.02 (66.09, 71.95) | 66.13 (63.32, 68.95) | 66.64 (63.41, 69.87) | 0.34 | |
| KABC delayed recall domain | |||||
| Post-training | 83.17 (80.40, 85.94) | 83.58 (80.93, 86.23) | 84.07 (81.10, 87.04) | 0.91 | |
| One year follow up | 79.69 (76.92, 82.46) | 78.21 (75.54, 80.88) | 78.67 (75.60, 81.74) | 0.74 | |
| KABC mental processing index | |||||
| Post-training | 72.73 (70.44, 75.02) | 72.95 (70.77, 75.14) | 73.20 (70.75, 75.64) | 0.97 | |
| One year follow up | 68.33 (66.04, 70.62) | 67.02 (64.81, 69.22) | 66.64 (64.11, 69.17) | 0.58 | |
| CogState, correct moves per second, maze chase | |||||
| Post-training | 0.28 (0.23, 0.33)* | 0.24 (0.20, 0.29)* | 0.14 (0.09, 0.20) | <.01 | |
| One year follow up | 0.23 (0.18, 0.29)* | 0.25 (0.20, 0.30)* | 0.15 (0.09, 0.21) | 0.02 | |
| CogState, correct moves per second, maze learning | |||||
| Post-training | 0.13 (0.10, 0.16)* | 0.13 (0.10, 0.16)* | 0.07 (0.04, 0.11) | 0.02 | |
| One year follow up | 0.14 (0.11, 0.17) | 0.15 (0.12, 0.18)* | 0.11 (0.07, 0.14) | 0.21 | |
| CogState, detection time | |||||
| Post-training | 2.77 (2.63, 2.91) | 2.75 (2.62, 2.88) | 2.82 (2.67, 2.98) | 0.76 | |
| One year follow up | 2.74 (2.60, 2.88) | 2.72 (2.58, 2.85) | 2.72 (2.56, 2.88) | 0.96 | |
| CogState, identification time | |||||
| Post-training | 2.88 (2.81, 2.96)* | 2.93 (2.86, 3.00) | 3.02 (2.94, 3.10) | 0.05 | |
| One year follow up | 2.96 (2.88, 3.03) | 2.97 (2.90, 3.04) | 3.01 (2.93, 3.10) | 0.60 | |
| CogState, one-card learning accuracy | |||||
| Post-training | 0.46 (0.42, 0.51) | 0.45 (0.41, 0.50) | 0.44 (0.39, 0.49) | 0.75 | |
| One year follow up | 0.52 (0.47, 0.56)* | 0.47 (0.43, 0.51) | 0.44 (0.40,0.50) | 0.12 | |
| CogState, one-back card memory accuracy | |||||
| Post-training | 0.46 (0.39, 0.52) | 0.49 (0.42, 0.55) | 0.44 (0.37, 0.50) | 0.55 | |
| One year follow up | 0.54 (0.48, 0.61) | 0.47 (0.41, 0.54) | 0.45 (0.38, 0.52) | 0.15 | |
| BRIEF Global Executive Composite | |||||
| Post-training | 50.65 (48.03, 53.27) | 48.38 (45.88, 50.87) | 48.27 (45.44, 51.10) | 0.37 | |
| One year follow up | 45.11 (42.49, 47.73) | 47.24 (44.73, 49.76) | 47.14 (44.22, 50.05) | 0.45 | |
| CBCL Internalizing Symptoms | |||||
| Post-training | 56.27 (53.38, 59.17) | 56.93 (54.43, 59.45) | 56.09 (53.33, 58.85) | 0.89 | |
| One year follow up | 52.86 (49.92, 55.80) | 55.41 (52.87, 57.96) | 55.50 (52.56, 58.44) | 0.36 | |
| CBCL Externalizing Symptoms | |||||
| Post-training | 55.20 (52.51, 57.89) | 56.26 (53.92, 58.59) | 57.94 (55.36, 60.52) | 0.35 | |
| One year follow up | 52.13 (49.39, 54.86) | 55.56 (53.20, 57.93) | 55.18 (52.45, 57.92) | 0.15 | |
| CBCL Total Symptoms | |||||
| Post-training | 52.95 (50.23, 55.67) | 53.69 (51.34, 56.05) | 54.51 (51.90, 57.12) | 0.72 | |
| One year follow up | 48.72 (45.96, 51.48)# | 52.87 (50.49, 55.25) | 52.25 (49.49, 55.01) | 0.07 | |
*
indicates significant difference from control;
#
indicates difference between limited CCRT and CCRT.