Table 2.
Top 11 nanomaterial classes (Committee to Develop a Research Strategy for Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials, 2012) and effects.
| Engineered Nanomaterial | Induces LMP? | Possible Associated Pathologies | Study Model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ceramic Nanoparticles | Possibly, shown to be bioactive | Wear and tear of joint prostheses | Raw264.7 cells Human Mθ |
Zhang, 2011 Lucarelli 2004 |
| Carbon Nanotubes | Yes | Apoptosis | Hepatocytes | Zhu 2016 |
| Yes | Lung Disease |
Raw267.7 cells Murine Mθ |
Tahara 2012 Jessop 2017 Yang 2014 |
|
| Nanoporous Materials | Unlikely |
Tanaka 2010 Korhonen 2016 |
||
| Graphene | Possible, lysosomes are increased when used as a drug carrier | Unknown | HepG2 cells | Yang 2016b |
| Metal Nanoparticles | Possible, when exposed to UV light (WO3/Pt) | Cardiovascular Disease | THP-1 cells | Clark 2016 Xu 2015 |
| Yes (AgNPs) | Unknown | 4T1 breast cancer cells | Jimeno-Romero 2017 | |
| Nanoscale Encapsulation | Unlikely | |||
| Fullerenes | Possible, shown to cause mitochondrial damage | Unknown | Isolated mitochondria | Yang 2016a |
| Dendrimers | Possible, may cause endosomal rupture | Unknown | Numerical simulation | Mukherjee 2013 |
| Nanostructured Metals | Unknown | |||
| Nanowires | Likely | Cell death | Human Mθ | Müller 2010 |
| Quantum Dots | Likely | Reproductive toxicity Pulmonary inflammation |
Invertebrate Human lung fibroblasts |
Yan 2016 Stan 2015 |
Mθ, macrophage; LMP, lysosomal membrane permeabilization