Table 2.
Sample description [mean ± standard deviation (min-max)]: Gamblers did not differ regarding age, income, years of education (YOE), alcohol (AUDIT) and nicotine consumption (#cigarettes), and eye blink rate (sEBR).
| n | healthy controls | Gamblers | F/U | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 | 21 | — | — | |
| age | 26.4 ± 6.39 (19–45) | 26.0 ± 6.66 (18–42) | F = 0.04 | 0.85 |
| income | 1028.15 ± 575.05 (0–2000) | 1375.1 ± 819.51 (300–2700) | F = 2.44 | 0.13 |
| YOE | 11.75 ± 1.37 (9–14) | 11.71 ± 1.82 (9–15) | F = 0.01 | 0.94 |
| BDI-II | 8.7 ± 8.3 (0–28) | 15.1 ± 11.87 (2–42) | F = 3.96 | 0.05 |
| GSI | 0.32 ± 0.34 (0–1.1) | 0.73 ± 0.62 (1–2.46) | F = 6.7 | 0.01 |
| DSM-5 | 0.1 ± 0.38 (0–1) | 5.1 ± 2.28 (1–8) | U = 1 | 1.1 * 10−8 |
| KFG | 1.45 ± 4.07 (0–18) | 25.29 ± 14.54 (6–54) | U = 9 | 7.6 * 10−8 |
| SOGS | 0.4 ± 1.0 (0–4) | 8.48 ± 4.61 (3–17) | U = 5.5 | 3.7 * 10−8 |
| GS | −0.77 ± 0.21 (−0.85–0.08) | 0.73 ± 0.86 (−0.38–2.3) | U = 217 | 8.2 * 10−8 |
| AUDIT | 6.75 ± 4.8 (0–15) | 5.95 ± 6.98 (0–23) | F = 0.43 | 0.52 |
| #cigarettes | 9.25 ± 8.75 (0–30) | 5.95 ± 6.76 (0–19) | U = 167.5 | 0.25 |
| sEBR | 14.6 ± 5.02 (4.6–23.2) | 14.37 ± 5.08 (4.4–22.6) | F = 0.14 | 0.7 |
Gamblers displayed higher gambling severity (DSM-5, KFG, SOGS, sum of z-scores of KFG & SOGS (GS)), higher psychoticism (GSI), and a tendency for more depressive symptoms (BDI-II). Tests for group differences were based on ANOVA (F) for normally distributed variables, and Mann-Whitney U Tests otherwise.