Fig. 5.

DLVO calculation and colloidal stability in varying salt concentrations. a Possible contact geometries between raspberry particles (bump-to-bump (b–b, green lines) and bump-to-valley (b–v, red lines)), smooth PS (blue lines) and nanoscale PMMA particles (yellow lines). b Interaction potentials V_DLVO for raspberry, smooth PS and nanoscale PMMA particles (same colour scheme as in a) for 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 mM added NaCl. c Primary energy maximum V_DLVO,max (solid lines) and relative strength of attractive interactions to repulsive forces ($∣V_{\mathrm{vdW}}∣\mathrm{∕}∣V_{\mathrm{Coul}}∣$; symbols) for raspberry particles (b–b (diamonds) and b–v (inverted triangles)), smooth particles (circles) and nanoscale PMMA particles (triangles) against salt concentration. d, e Photographs of dispersions of raspberry particles and smooth particles, respectively, at different added NaCl concentrations