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. 2018 Aug 31;9:1988. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01988

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Copyright © 2018 Abdillahi, Tati, Nordin, Baumgarten, Hallgren, Bjermer, Erjefält, Westergren-Thorsson, Singh, Riesbeck and Mörgelin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Colonization of NTHi in COPD airways ex vivo. Scanning electron micrographs of paraffin sections of airway biopsies from COPD patients inoculated with NTHi wild type (A), Δhia (B), Δhpe (C), Δhap (D), and ΔhpeΔhap (E). In COPD, considerable numbers of wild type and Δhia bacteria are observed bound to the airway submucosa (A,B) as compared to bacteria lacking PE (C), Hap (D), or both adhesins (E). Bacteria are highlighted in green pseudocolour. The scale bar represents 50 μm. (F,G) Quantitative evaluation of adherent bacteria as indicated.