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. 2018 Aug 31;9:1988. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01988

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Copyright © 2018 Abdillahi, Tati, Nordin, Baumgarten, Hallgren, Bjermer, Erjefält, Westergren-Thorsson, Singh, Riesbeck and Mörgelin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Time-dependent NTHi killing in vivo and partial protection by PE. COPD mice were challenged by intratracheal inhalation with NTHi wild type (A,F), Δhia (B,G), Δhpe (C,H), Δhap (D,I), or ΔhpeΔhap (E,J). Bacteria present in the airways after 30 min (A–E) and after 2 h (F–J) were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Bacteria are highlighted in green and cytoplasmic exudates in purple pseudocolour. The scale bar represents 2 μm. (K) Quantitative evaluation of bacterial killing as indicated.