Table 5.

Final model of the logistic regression (forward-Wald) analysis determining risk factors for dog-obesity according to owners estimated BFI.

Risk factor	β (SE)	OR (95%CI OR)a	P-value
GDP [per gross domestic product increase]	−0.013 (0.002)	0.99 (0.98–0.99)	<0.001
Age of the owner [per year increase]	0.008 (0.004)	1.16 (1.08–1.21)	0.046
Gender (Women vs. Men)	−0.218 (0.107)	0.80 (0.65–0.99)	0.042
Number of family members	0.09 (0.042)	1.09 (1.01–1.19)	0.032
Owner’s attitude to sports [per 1 increase on Likert scale]	−0.582 (0.26)	0.56 (0.34–0.93)	0.025
Smoking (Yes vs. No)	0.275 (0.106)	1.32 (1.1–1.62)	0.009
Influence of taking care of the pet on owner’s physical activity (No vs. Yes)	0.248 (0.123)	0.78 (0.61–0.99)	0.044
Consideration that obesity is a disease in humans (Yes vs. No)	−0.292 (0.127)	0.75 (0.58–0.96)	0.021
Dog age [per year increase]	0.089 (0.015)	1.10 (1.06–1.13)	<0.001
Sex of the dog (Female vs. Male)	−0.29 (0.097)	0.75 (0.62–0.91)	0.003
Pet becomes ill easily [per 1 increase on Likert scale]	0.219 (0.055)	1.25 (1.12–1.39)	<0.001
Belief that the pet is happy [per 1 increase on Likert scale]	−0.236 (0.079)	0.79 (0.68–0.92)	0.003
Reproductive status
Intact	Ref.
Neutered at <11 months	0.528 (0.149)	1.70 (1.27–2.27)	<0.001
Neutered at ≥12 months	0.685 (0.117)	1.98 (1.58–2.50)	<0.001
Diet
Mixed	Ref.
Home-made food/Food scraps	−0.678 (0.202)	0.51 (0.34–0.75)	0.001
Commercial pet food	−0.23 (0.112)	0.80 (0.64–0.99)	0.039
Daily exercise [per hour increase]	−0.141 (0.062)	0.87 (0.77–0.98)	0.022

Variable levels in brackets after the categorical variables describe which groups were compared in the analysis. For non-categorical variables the estimates (β) and OR-values correspond to one unit increase in the variable. The units are given in hard brackets after the variable name. Model chi-square = 357.41. df = 17. P =< 0.001. Nagelkerke R²: 0.21.

^aThe reference level used for the outcome of the multivariable logistic regression is dog with normal weight.