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. 2018 Aug 30;9:1966. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01966

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Copyright © 2018 Manganiello, Sacco, Ercolano, Vinale, Lanzuise, Pascale, Napolitano, Lombardi, Lorito and Woo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Model of response of tomato plant infected with the soil pathogen Rhizoctonia solani (see figure legend) when pre-treated with Trichoderma harzianum or its bioactive metabolite harzianic acid (HA). In the soil T. harzianum limits pathogen proliferation through its mycoparasitic action and the release of antibiotic compounds like Harzianic Acid (HA). In the presence of pathogens, T. harzianum and its metabolite HA elicit defense responses mainly by the production of toxic secondary metabolites, strengthening of physical barriers and triggering ethylene/jasmonic acid biosynthetic pathways (induced systemic resistance-ISR). Additionally, HA carries out its beneficial effect activating salicylic acid (SA) pathway (systemic acquired resistance-SAR). Besides pathogen control, T. harzianum also enhances plant energetic metabolism thus promoting its growth and development.