Table 1.
Characteristics of studies
| Study | Country | Treatments (N. patients) | Trial duration (weeks) | N. sessions | Diagnosis | Study design | Risk of bias (overall) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barrowclough et al28 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=57), TAU (N=56) | 26 | 10.4 | Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (DSM‐IV) | SB | Moderate |
| Bechdolf et al29 | Germany | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=40), psychoeducation (N=48) | 8 | 11.9 (cognitive behavioural therapy), 6.4 (psychoeducation) | Episode of a schizophrenic or related disorder (ICD‐10) | SB | High |
| Birchwood et al30 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=98), TAU (N=99) | 39 | 19 | Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (ICD‐10) | SB | Moderate |
| Drury et al31 | UK | Cognitive therapy (N=30), recreation and support (N=32) | 12 | NA | Functional psychosis (DSM‐IV) | OL | High |
| Durham et al32 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=22), supportive therapy (N=23), TAU (N=21) | 39 | 20 | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or delusional disorder (ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV) | SB | High |
| England33 | NA (author's affiliation in Canada) | Cognitive nursing intervention (N=44), TAU (N=21) | 18 | 12 | Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (DSM‐IV) | SB | Moderate |
| Foster et al34 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=12), TAU (N=12) | 4 | 4 | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or delusional disorder (clinical diagnosis) | OL | High |
| Freeman et al35 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=15), TAU (N=15) | 8 | 6 | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or delusional disorder (clinical diagnosis) | SB | Low |
| Freeman et al36 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=73), TAU (N=77) | 8 | 5.5 | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or delusional disorder (clinical diagnosis) | SB | High |
| Freeman et al37 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=24), TAU (N=26) | 12 | 7.3 | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or delusional disorder (clinical diagnosis) | SB | Moderate |
| Garety et al38 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=27), family intervention (N=28), TAU (N=28) | 39 | 13.9 | Non‐affective psychosis (DSM‐IV and ICD–10) | SB | Moderate |
| Garety et al38 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=106), TAU (N=112) | 39 | 14.3 | Non‐affective psychosis (DSM‐IV and ICD–10) | SB | Moderate |
| Gottlieb et al39 | US | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=19), TAU (N=18) | 24 | 10 | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or psychosis not otherwise specified (NA) | SB | Moderate |
| Habib et al40 | Pakistan | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=21), TAU (N=21) | 21 | 13 | Schizophrenia (DSM‐IV‐TR) | SB | High |
| Haddock et al41 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=10), supportive counselling (N=11) | 5 | 10.2 | Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (DSM‐IV) | SB | Moderate |
| Haddock et al42 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=38), social activity therapy (N=39) | 26 | 17 (cognitive behavioural therapy), 17.4 (social activity therapy) | Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (DSM‐IV) | SB | Moderate |
| Hazell et al43 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=15), waitlist (N=15) | 12 | 8 | Schizophrenia and related disorders (NA) | SB | Moderate |
| Krakvik et al44 | Norway | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=23), waitlist (N=22) | 26 | 20 | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or persistent delusional disorder (ICD‐10) | OL | Moderate |
| Kuipers et al45 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=28), TAU (N=32) | 39 | 18.6 | Paranoid schizophrenia (DSM‐III‐R) | OL | High |
| Lecomte et al46 | Canada | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=48), social skills training (N=54), waitlist (N=27) | 13 | 24 | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (NA) | SB | Moderate |
| Lee et al47 | South Korea | Cognitive behavioural social skills training (N=12), TAU (N=13) | 7 | 12 | Schizophrenia (DSM‐IV‐TR) | SB | Moderate |
| Lee et al48 | South Korea | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=25), supportive therapy (N=25) | 32 | 20.1 | Schizophrenia (DSM‐IV) | SB | Moderate |
| Levine et al49 | NA (author's affiliation in Israel) | Cognitive therapy (N=6), supportive therapy (N=6) | 6 | 6 | Paranoid schizophrenia (DSM‐III‐R) | NA | High |
| Li et al50 | China | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=96), supportive therapy (N=96) | 24 | 15 | Schizophrenia (DSM‐IV) | SB | Moderate |
| McLeod et al51 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=10), waitlist (N=10) | 12 | 8 | Schizophrenia (DSM‐IV) | NA | High |
| Morrison et al52 | UK | Cognitive therapy (N=37), TAU (N=37) | 39 | 13.3 | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or delusional disorder (ICD‐10 or PANSS) | SB | Moderate |
| Penn et al53 | US | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=32), supportive therapy (N=33) | 12 | 8.3 | Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (DSM‐IV) | SB | Low |
| Pinninti et al54 | US | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=18), TAU (N=15) | 12 | 11.93 | Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (DSM‐IV) | SB | Moderate |
| Pot‐Kolder et al55 | The Netherlands | Virtual reality based cognitive behavioural therapy (N=58), waitlist (N=58) | 12 | 16 | Psychotic disorder (DSM‐IV) | SB | Low |
| Rector et al56 | Canada | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=24), TAU (N=21) | 26 | 20 | Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (DSM‐IV) | SB | Moderate |
| Sensky et al57 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=46), befriending (N=44) | 39 | 19 | Schizophrenia (ICD‐10 Research Criteria and DSM‐IV) | SB | Moderate |
| Startup et al58 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=47), TAU (N=43) | 26 | 12.9 | Schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder or schizoaffective disorder (DSM‐IV) | OL | High |
| Tarrier et al59 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=33), supportive Counselling (N=26), TAU (N=28) | 10 | 20 | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective psychosis or delusional disorder (DSM‐III‐R) | SB | Moderate |
| Trower et al60 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=18), TAU (N=20) | 26 | 16 | Schizophrenia or related disorder (ICD‐10) | SB | High |
| Turkington et al61 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=13), befriending (N=6) | 8 | 6 | Schizophrenia (ICD‐10 Research Criteria) | SB | Moderate |
| Valmaggia et al62 | The Netherlands, Belgium | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=36), supportive counselling (N=26) | 23 | 16 | Schizophrenia (DSM‐IV) | SB | Moderate |
| van der Gaag et al63 | The Netherlands | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=110), TAU (N=106) | 26 | 13 | Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (DSM‐IV‐TR) | SB | High |
| Velligan et al64 | US | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=43), cognitive adaptation training (N=41), cognitive behavioural therapy + cognitive adaptation training (N=40), TAU (N=42) | 39 | 26.6 (cognitive behavioural therapy), 27.5 (cognitive adaptation training), 27.5 (cognitive behavioural therapy + cognitive adaptation training) | Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (DSM‐IV) | SB | High |
| Wahass & Kent65 | Saudi Arabia | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=3), TAU (N=3) | 9 | 25 | Schizophrenia (ICD‐10) | OL | Moderate |
| Wittorf et al66 | Germany | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=50), supportive therapy (N=50) | 33 | 20 | Schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder or delusional disorder (DSM‐IV) | SB | High |
| Wykes et al67 | UK | Cognitive behavioural therapy (N=45), TAU (N=40) | 10 | 7 | Schizophrenia (DSM‐IV) | OL | High |
| ACTRN1261600097648268 | Australia | Metacognitive training (N=28), cognitive remediation (N=28) | 4 | 4 | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (DSM‐V) | SB | Moderate |
| Briki et al69 | France | Metacognitive training (N=35), supportive therapy (N=33) | 8 | 14.6 | Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders (DSM‐IV‐TR) | SB | High |
| Favrod et al70 | Switzerland | Metacognitive training (N=26), TAU (N=26) | 8 | 7 | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (ICD‐10) | SB | Moderate |
| Kumar et al71 | India | Metacognitive training (N=8), TAU (N=8) | 4 | 8 | Paranoid schizophrenia (ICD‐10) | NA | High |
| So et al72 | Hong Kong | Metacognitive training (N=23), waitlist (N=21) | 4 | 3.15 | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (clinical diagnosis) | SB | Moderate |
| van Oosterhout et al73 | The Netherlands | Metacognitive training (N=75), TAU (N=79) | 8 | 8 | Psychotic disorder in the DSM‐IV schizophrenia spectrum (DSM‐IV‐TR) | SB | Moderate |
| Chadwick et al74 | UK | Mindfulness (N=11), waitlist (N=11) | 10 | 10 | Psychotic disorder (NA) | OL | High |
| Chadwick et al75 | UK | Mindfulness (N=54), TAU (N=54) | 16 | 12 | Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (ICD‐10) | SB | Low |
| Bach & Hayes76 | US | Acceptance and Commitment therapy (N=40), TAU (N=40) | 16 | 4 | Auditory hallucinations or delusions (clinical diagnosis) (81.25% diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or delusional disorder) | OL | High |
| Shawyer et al77 | Australia | Acceptance and commitment therapy (N=49), befriending (N=47) | 13 | 7 | Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (DSM‐IV‐TR) | SB | Low |
| Schnackenberg et al78 | Germany | Experienced focused counselling (N=12), TAU (N=10) | 44 | NA | Schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder (NA) | OL | High |
| Jenner et al79 | The Netherlands | Hallucination focused integrative treatment (N=39), TAU (N=39) | 39 | 11 | Non‐affective psychosis, including schizophrenia, schizoaffective or psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (DSM‐IV) | OL | High |
| Craig et al80 | UK | AVATAR therapy (N=75), supportive counselling (N=75) | 12 | 5.6 (AVATAR therapy), 5.1 (supportive counselling) | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder or affective disorder with psychotic symptoms (ICD‐10) | SB | Low |
TAU – treatment as usual, OL – open label, SB – single blind, NA – not available, PANSS – Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale