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. 2018 Jul 5;96(9):3657–3669. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky263

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© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 6. — IL-6 release by intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) stimulated with 10 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (SC), unstimulated IPEC-J2 (CC), and cells stimulated with TNF-α in the presence of the phytogenic test substances Digestarom DC (D-DC), grape seed extract (GRS), licorice extract (LIC), oak bark extract (OAK), oregano essential oil (ORE), plant powder mix (PLA), or the antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) tylosin (TYL). Cells were preincubated with complete growth medium or the test substances for 1 h, after which the release of IL-6 was induced by stimulation of the cells with 10 ng/mL TNF-α for 5 h. The supernatants were collected and used for analysis of the amount of IL-6 on protein level via ELISA. The results represent the mean and SEM of 5 independent experiments (n = 5). Significant differences, compared with the TNF-α stimulated control, are marked by asterisks (*P < 0.05).