Table 4.
Serum metabolites of dogs fed extruded, mildly cooked, and raw foods
| Item | Treatment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extruded | Grain-free roasted refrigerated | Raw | Roasted refrigerated | Reference range1 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.65 ± 0.15 | 0.48 ± 0.15 | 0.60 ± 0.15 | 0.78 ± 0.15 | 0.5–1.5 |
| BUN (mg/dL)2 | 14.88 ± 2.40 | 12.50 ± 2.40 | 11.13 ± 2.40 | 17.50 ± 2.40 | 6–30 |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 6.14 ± 0.17 | 6.34 ± 0.17 | 6.21 ± 0.17 | 6.19 ± 0.17 | 5.1–7.0 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.1–0.3 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.28 ± 0.08 | 3.53 ± 0.08 | 3.48 ± 0.08 | 3.39 ± 0.08 | 2.5–3.8 |
| Globulin (g/dL) | 2.86 ± 0.11 | 2.81 ± 0.11 | 2.74 ± 0.11 | 2.80 ± 0.11 | 2.7–4.4 |
| Albumin:globulin ratio | 1.15 ± 0.04 | 1.28 ± 0.04 | 1.28 ± 0.04 | 1.21 ± 0.04 | 0.6–1.1 |
| Ca (mg/dL) | 9.93 ± 0.18 | 9.89 ± 0.18 | 9.85 ± 0.18 | 9.98 ± 0.18 | 7.6–11.4 |
| P (mg/dL) | 4.51 ± 1.80 | 3.94 ± 1.80 | 3.46 ± 1.80 | 4.58 ± 1.80 | 2.7–5.2 |
| Na (mmol/L) | 144.12 ± 0.66 | 144.12 ± 0.66 | 144.50 ± 0.66 | 144.13 ± 0.66 | 141–152 |
| Cl (mmol/L) | 110.63 ± 0.67b | 112.25 ± 0.67ab | 113.50 ± 0.67a | 111.38 ± 0.67ab | 107–118 |
| K (mmol/L) | 4.73 ± 0.13 | 4.65 ± 0.13 | 4.75 ± 0.13 | 4.81 ± 0.13 | 3.9–5.5 |
| Na:K ratio | 30.63 ± 0.88 | 31.00 ± 0.88 | 30.50 ± 0.88 | 30.25 ± 0.88 | 28–36 |
| Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 20.38 ± 0.79 | 19.38 ± 0.79 | 18.75 ± 0.79 | 18.50 ± 0.79 | 16–24 |
| Anion gap | 18.00 ± 0.96 | 17.38 ± 0.96 | 17.13 ± 0.96 | 19.13 ± 0.96 | 8–25 |
| ALP (U/L)2 | 38.13 ± 0.08a | 12.88 ± 0.08c | 16.00 ± 0.08bc | 29.38 ± 0.08ab | 7–92 |
| C-ALP (U/L)2 | 9.88 ± 2.89 | 2.50 ± 2.89 | 4.00 ± 2.89 | 8.00 ± 2.89 | 0–40 |
| ALT (U/L)2 | 30.50 ± 2.28 | 24.38 ± 2.28 | 25.25 ± 2.28 | 27.13 ± 2.28 | 8–65 |
| GGT (U/L)2 | 2.50 ± 0.38 | 2.63 ± 0.38 | 2.38 ± 0.38 | 1.88 ± 0.38 | 0–7 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 91.63 ± 6.29 | 91.38 ± 6.29 | 90.38 ± 6.29 | 99.75 ± 6.29 | 68–126 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 227.63 ± 19.30 | 224.38 ± 19.30 | 242.38 ± 19.30 | 251.75 ± 19.30 | 129–297 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 80.13 ± 5.97a | 53.50 ± 5.97b | 53.38 ± 5.97b | 60.25 ± 5.97ab | 32–154 |
1University of Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Reference Ranges.
2BUN = blood urea nitrogen; ALP = alkaline phosphatase; C-ALP = corticosteroid-induced alkaline phosphatase; ALT = alanine transaminase; GGT = gamma-glutamyltransferase.
a–cMeans in the same row without common superscript letters differ (P < 0.05).