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. 2018 Jun 8;96(9):3670–3683. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky235

Table 4.

Serum metabolites of dogs fed extruded, mildly cooked, and raw foods

Item Treatment
Extruded Grain-free roasted refrigerated Raw Roasted refrigerated Reference range1
Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.65 ± 0.15 0.48 ± 0.15 0.60 ± 0.15 0.78 ± 0.15 0.5–1.5
BUN (mg/dL)2 14.88 ± 2.40 12.50 ± 2.40 11.13 ± 2.40 17.50 ± 2.40 6–30
Total protein (g/dL) 6.14 ± 0.17 6.34 ± 0.17 6.21 ± 0.17 6.19 ± 0.17 5.1–7.0
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) 0.18 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02 0.1–0.3
Albumin (g/dL) 3.28 ± 0.08 3.53 ± 0.08 3.48 ± 0.08 3.39 ± 0.08 2.5–3.8
Globulin (g/dL) 2.86 ± 0.11 2.81 ± 0.11 2.74 ± 0.11 2.80 ± 0.11 2.7–4.4
Albumin:globulin ratio 1.15 ± 0.04 1.28 ± 0.04 1.28 ± 0.04 1.21 ± 0.04 0.6–1.1
Ca (mg/dL) 9.93 ± 0.18 9.89 ± 0.18 9.85 ± 0.18 9.98 ± 0.18 7.6–11.4
P (mg/dL) 4.51 ± 1.80 3.94 ± 1.80 3.46 ± 1.80 4.58 ± 1.80 2.7–5.2
Na (mmol/L) 144.12 ± 0.66 144.12 ± 0.66 144.50 ± 0.66 144.13 ± 0.66 141–152
Cl (mmol/L) 110.63 ± 0.67b 112.25 ± 0.67ab 113.50 ± 0.67a 111.38 ± 0.67ab 107–118
K (mmol/L) 4.73 ± 0.13 4.65 ± 0.13 4.75 ± 0.13 4.81 ± 0.13 3.9–5.5
Na:K ratio 30.63 ± 0.88 31.00 ± 0.88 30.50 ± 0.88 30.25 ± 0.88 28–36
Bicarbonate (mmol/L) 20.38 ± 0.79 19.38 ± 0.79 18.75 ± 0.79 18.50 ± 0.79 16–24
Anion gap 18.00 ± 0.96 17.38 ± 0.96 17.13 ± 0.96 19.13 ± 0.96 8–25
ALP (U/L)2 38.13 ± 0.08a 12.88 ± 0.08c 16.00 ± 0.08bc 29.38 ± 0.08ab 7–92
C-ALP (U/L)2 9.88 ± 2.89 2.50 ± 2.89 4.00 ± 2.89 8.00 ± 2.89 0–40
ALT (U/L)2 30.50 ± 2.28 24.38 ± 2.28 25.25 ± 2.28 27.13 ± 2.28 8–65
GGT (U/L)2 2.50 ± 0.38 2.63 ± 0.38 2.38 ± 0.38 1.88 ± 0.38 0–7
Glucose (mg/dL) 91.63 ± 6.29 91.38 ± 6.29 90.38 ± 6.29 99.75 ± 6.29 68–126
Cholesterol (mg/dL) 227.63 ± 19.30 224.38 ± 19.30 242.38 ± 19.30 251.75 ± 19.30 129–297
Triglycerides (mg/dL) 80.13 ± 5.97a 53.50 ± 5.97b 53.38 ± 5.97b 60.25 ± 5.97ab 32–154

1University of Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Reference Ranges.

2BUN = blood urea nitrogen; ALP = alkaline phosphatase; C-ALP = corticosteroid-induced alkaline phosphatase; ALT = alanine transaminase; GGT = gamma-glutamyltransferase.

a–cMeans in the same row without common superscript letters differ (P < 0.05).