Table 2.
School-Children
| School-aged Child Studies: Resting | ||||
| Lushchekina (2016) |
27 ASD (5.79±1.42 years, IQ NR), 24 TD (6.05±0.86 years, IQ NR) | 16 electrodes |
Eyes-closed | ↓ δ interhemispheric coherence across F and P, ↓, θ interhemispheric coherence across F-T and P, ↓, α intra- and interhemispheric F-T coherence. ↑ inter- and intrahemispheric coherence in β and γ, primarily medium-long-range |
| Elhabashy (2015) |
21 ASD (4-12 years, IQ NR), 21 TD (4-12 years, IQ NR) |
19 electrodes |
Eyes-open | ↓ intrahemispheric coherence in δ, θ, and α; ↓, interhemispheric coherence in δ over C/P/O regions; ↑ interhemispheric coherence in δ band over T |
| Coben (2008) |
20 ASD (8.9±2.3 years, IQ 93±16.8) 20 TD (9.2±1.5 years, IQ 98±15.4) |
19 electrodes |
Eyes-closed | δ and θ decrease long-range from F-P and globally at short-range, both intra- and interhemispherically |
| Clarke (2015) |
20 HFA (7-12 years, IQ 91.50±14.35), 20 TD (7-12 years, IQ, 107.06±9.86) | 19 electrodes |
Eyes-closed | ↓ α and β coherence in F short/medium inter-hemispheric coherence |
| Lazarev (2015) |
14 ASD (6-14 years, IQ 91±22.8) 19 TD (6-16 years, normal academic achievement) |
14 electrodes |
Eyes-closed | No difference in inter- or intrahemispheric δ, θ, α, or β, nor in β laterality |
| Carson (2014) |
19 HFA (9.95±1.61 years, IQ 102±17.92) 13 TD (10±1.63 years, IQ 104.15±20.69) |
64 electrodes |
Eyes-open, watch blank screen | ↓ interhemispheric coherence in T-P and F regions in α |
| Sheikhani (2012) |
17 ASD (9.2±1.6 years, IQ>85) 11 TD (9.5±2.8 years, IQ>85) |
19 electrodes |
Eyes-open | ↑ γ coherence primarily between T and other brain regions; ↓, β coherence over L T-P |
| Machado (2015) |
11 ASD (5.9±2.4 years, IQ>85) 14 TD (5.6±2.5 years, normal academic achievement) |
19 electrodes |
Eyes-open, fixate on green dot on screen | ↑ L intrahemispheric short- range δ coherence; ↑ B intrahemispheric medium/long-range δ, β, and γ coherence and L only in α and θ ↑ interhemispheric short- and medium-range in P region in all frequency bands |
| School-aged Child Studies: Discriminating between Subtypes of ASD | ||||
| Duffy (2012; 2013) | 430 ASD (2-12 years, IQ NR) 26 HFA (2-12 years, IQ NR) 554 TD (2-12 years, IQ NR) |
32 electrodes |
Eyes-open | ASD-TD comparison: ↓, short- range coherences (θ, α, β); majority of ↑ coherences found in δ and β medium/longdistance connection factors. ASD-HFA: ASD-HFA: ↑ θ in B P region & ↑ β in L F-T, ↓ β in L T-C. ASD-HFA-TD: HFA classified as ASD in an ASD vs. TD paradigm; HFA classified as distinct from ASD in an HFA vs. ASD paradigm |
| Peters (2013) |
16 ASD (2–5 years, IQ NR), 14 ASD+TSC (1-25 years, IQ NR), 29 non-ASD+TSC (0-23 years, IQ NR), 46 TD (0-17 years, IQ NR) | 128 or 19 electrodes |
Eyes-open | ASD-TD & ASD/ASD+TSC- TD/non-ASD+TSC comparison: No difference in mean θ or α; ↓, long:short-range θ or α coherence |
| Han (2013) | 17 HFA (11.7±3.1 years, IQ 106±20), 17 LFA (12.2±2.1 years, IQ 56±12) | 19 electrodes |
Eyes-open, focus on image of car | ↑ θ coherence in LFA across short-range in F region and long-range intrahemispheric LF-LP and long-range interhemispheric RF-LP |
| Barttfeld (2011) |
10 ASD (23.8±7.6 years, IQ 101.7±14.97) 10 TD (25.3±6.54 years, IQ NR) |
128 electrodes |
Eyes-closed | ↑ short-range δ coherences in lateral F; ↓, medium/long-range δ coherences in F-F and F-P connections |
| School-aged Child Studies: Task-based | ||||
| Lushchekina (2016) |
27 ASD (5.79±1.42 years, IQ NR), 24 TD (6.05±0.86 years, IQ NR) | 16 electrodes |
Mental calculation task, Eyes-closed | TD show minor changes in δ between conditions: ASD show interhemispheric F-T and T-P δ ↑; TD show ↓ θ in RF-T and RF-C. ASD show ↓ θ in LF-P; Neither group shows change in α during task; Widespread long-range ↑ β & γ coherence in LF and LC during task relative to baseline in TD group: ASD show comparably minor changes in β & γ |
| Chan (2011) | 21 ASD (5-14 years; NVIQ 101.86±16.09) 21 TD (5-14 years, NVIQ 106.0±14.59) | 19 electrodes |
Visual encoding object recognition task | ↑ long-range coherence in θ both L intra- and interhemispheric. Significant negative correlation between long- range interhemispheric coherence and complex memory performance in ASD subjects |
| Jaime (2015) | 16 ASD (16.2±2.29 years; NVIQ 106±13.2) 17 TD (16.5±1.94 years, NVIQ 103±16.8) |
128 electrodes |
Combination of Eyes-open baseline (fixate on circle image), incongruent, and congruent joint attention task | ↓, α coherence in short-range bilateral intrahemispheric T-C region. No difference in β. |
| Lazarev (2015) |
14 ASD (6-14 years, IQ 91±22.8) 19 TD (6-16 years, normal academic achievement) |
14 electrodes |
Intermittent photic stimulation (3-24 Hz) | ↓, interhemispheric coherence in α, θ, and most prominently β; ↑ L lateralization in β |
| Carson (2014) |
19 HFA (9.95±1.61 years, IQ 102±17.92) 13 TD (10±1.63 years, IQ 104.15±20.69) | 64 electrodes |
Watch video of familiar or unfamiliar person reading a story | ↑ α interhemispheric coherence relative to TD between L and R T-P regions during both task conditions; ↑ α interhemispheric coherence in F regions during social tasks compared to baseline only in TD group, ASD group shows no change across conditions |
| Machado (2015) |
11 ASD (5.86±2.44 years, IQ>85) 14 TD (5.56±2.47 years, normal academic achievement) |
19 electrodes |
Watch cartoons with (V-A) and without (VwA) sound | Generally ↑ across both tasks; ↓ coherence in R hemisphere during without audio condition compared to with audio, while TD show no difference between conditions; ↓ R short-range α coherence; ↑ B intrahemispheric medium/long-range δ, β, and γ coherence. No differences in α and θ; ↑ interhemispheric short- and medium-range in P region in all frequencies, group differences more prominent in V-A condition |
| School-aged Child Studies: Sleep | ||||
| Lázár(2010) | 18 HFA (13.12±4 years, NVIQ Raw Score 51±8.8) 14 TD (14.75±3.41 years, NVIQ Raw Score 49.9±6.5) |
10 electrodes |
NREM | ↑ coherence intrahemispherically within F region (δ, θ, α, β) and within R hemisphere(δ, α) |
Main coherence findings are based on ASD compared to TD, unless otherwise specified. ASD=Autism spectrum disorder, TD=Typically developing, HFA=High-functioning autism, LFA=Low-functioning autism, TSC=Tuberous Sclerosis, IQ=lntelligence Quotient, NVIQ=Nonverbal IQ, δ=Delta, θ=Theta, α=Alpha, β=Beta, γ=Gamma, B=Bilateral, L=Left, R=Right, F=Frontal, T=Temporal, C=Central, P=Posterior (Parietal+Occipital), NR=Not Reported, All parameters in standard deviations.