Table 5.
Comparison of the inflammatory protein loads (%) in control and Alzheimer’s cases
| Ctrl- | Ctrl+ | AD- | AD+ | Mean difference (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grey Matter | ||||||
| Iba1 | 1.63 ± 0.88 | 1.81 ± 1.14 | 1.31 ± 0.75 | 1.35 ± 1.14 | ns | |
| CD68a | 0.21 ± 0.08 | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 0.29 ± 0.14 | 0.28 ± 0.14 | 0.06 (0.007, 0.103) | 0.026 |
| HLA-DR | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.04 ± 0.07 | 0.12 ± 0.16 | 0.11 ± 0.27 | ns | |
| CD64a | 2.01 ± 0.85 | 2.26 ± 1.35 | 3.16 ± 1.57 | 2.97 ± 1.55 | 0.93 (0.36, 1.45) | 0.002 |
| CD32a | 0.43 ± 0.33 | 0.46 ± 0.61 | 0.45 ± 0.58 | 0.36 ± 0.46 | ns | |
| CD32ba | 0.08 ± 0.10 | 0.10 ± 0.10 | 0.29 ± 0.52 | 0.42 ± 1.00 | 0.27 (−0.001, 0.54) | ns |
| CD16b | 0.35 ± 0.39 | 0.86 ± 1.25 | 0.98 ± 0.90 | 0.67 ± 0.93 | Ctrl+: 0.51 (− 0.07, 1.08) | 0.084 |
| AD-: 0.62 (0.13, 1.12) | 0.014 | |||||
| AD+: 0.31 (−0.15, 0.78) | 0.179 | |||||
| CHI3L1a | 0.24 ± 0.22 | 0.37 ± 0.36 | 0.57 ± 0.62 | 0.73 ± 0.96 | 0.34 (0.07, 0.62) | 0.016 |
| IL4Ra | 0.09 ± 0.08 | 0.07 ± 0.06 | 0.23 ± 0.33 | 0.20 ± 0.24 | 0.14 (0.04, 0.23) | 0.005 |
| CCR2a | 0.12 ± 0.14 | 0.09 ± 0.08 | 0.74 ± 1.49 | 0.38 ± 0.50 | 0.46 (0.11, 0.80) | 0.010 |
| White Matter | ||||||
| Iba1 | 1.46 ± 1.03 | 2.13 ± 1.52 | 1.27 ± 1.02 | 1.43 ± 1.13 | ns | |
| CD68b | 0.11 ± 0.10 | 0.23 ± 0.17 | 0.36 ± 0.22 | 0.28 ± 0.24 | Ctrl+: 0.12 (− 0.01, 0.25) | 0.076 |
| AD-: 0.25 (0.14, 037) | < 0.001 | |||||
| AD+: 0.17 (0.06, 0.27) | 0.003 | |||||
| HLA-DR | 0.05 ± 0.08 | 0.03 ± 0.06 | 0.15 ± 0.24 | 0.09 ± 0.23 | ns | |
| CD64b | 0.70 ± 0.42 | 1.95 ± 1.46 | 1.36 ± 0.89 | 1.65 ± 1.02 | Ctrl+: 1.25 (0.63, 1.87) | < 0.001 |
| AD-: 0.66 (0.12, 1.2) | 0.017 | |||||
| AD+: 0.95 (0.45, 1.45) | < 0.001 | |||||
| CD32aa | 0.58 ± 0.67 | 0.48 ± 0.52 | 0.34 ± 0.46 | 0.27 ± 0.37 | −0.23 (− 0.43, 0.02) | 0.030 |
| CD16 | 0.10 ± 0.14 | 0.31 ± 0.51 | 0.28 ± 0.30 | 0.23 ± 0.49 | ns | |
| CHI3L1 | 0.23 ± 0.26 | 0.50 ± 0.57 | 0.69 ± 0.73 | 0.62 ± 1.12 | ns | |
| CCR2 | 0.06 ± 0.11 | 0.12 ± 0.13 | 0.30 ± 0.55 | 0.18 ± 0.46 | ns | |
Values are mean ± SD; significant p value in italic
aAlzheimer’s effect
bOne-way ANOVA test performed following significant Alzheimer’s disease*infection interaction on the 2-way ANOVA analysis
ns, non-significant following the 2-way ANOVA analysis
Ctrl neurologically/cognitively normal controls, AD Alzheimer’s disease cases, − died without systemic infection, + died with systemic infection, SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval