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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 7.
Published in final edited form as: Stroke. 2016 Mar 10;47(4):918–922. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011417

Table 2.

Association between cocaine use and ischemic stroke, by timing and route of intake.

Cocaine Use Cases
(n=1090)
Controls
(n=1,152)
Adjusted OR*
(95% CI)
P-
value*

Timing of last cocaine use
   Never users 784 856 1.0 (reference)
   Years ago 205 235 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) 0.14
   Months ago 36 27 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) 0.42
   1–30 days 39 30 1.1 (0.7, 1.9) 0.65
   Within 24 hours (acute users) 26 4 6.4 (2.2, 18.6) <0.001

Route of cocaine use
   Never users 784 856 1.0 (reference)
   Smoke 134 102 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) 0.22
   Inhale 204 225 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) 0.24
   Inject 22 15 1.3 (0.7, 2.6) 0.40

Route of cocaine use among acute
users (within 24 hours)
   Never 784 856 1.0 (reference)
   Smoke 16 2 7.9 (1.8, 35.0) 0.006
   Inhale 8 2 3.5 (0.7, 16.9) 0.11
   Inject 2 0 NA NA

Frequency of intake in the past year
   Median (times per week) 1.23 0.47
   Infrequent users, % 36 (3.3) 38 (3.3) 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) 0.81
   Frequent users, % 65 (6.0) 23 (2.0) 2.61 (1.60, 4.27) <0.001

Frequency of intake in the past year,
excluding acute users
   Median (times per week) 1.00 0.47
   Infrequent users, % 31 (2.9) 37 (3.2) 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) 0.47
   Frequent users, % 44 (4.1) 20 (1.7) 1.9 (1.1, 3.3) 0.02
*

OR (and p-value) was adjusted for age, gender and ethnicity. All analyses were calculated using individuals who had never used cocaine as reference group.

Mutually exclusive categories;

Infrequent users were defined as once/week or less; frequent users were defined as cocaine use more than once/week.