Table 2.

Association between cocaine use and ischemic stroke, by timing and route of intake.

Cocaine Use	Cases (n=1090)	Controls (n=1,152)	Adjusted OR* (95% CI)	P- value*
Timing of last cocaine use†
Never users	784	856	1.0 (reference)
Years ago	205	235	0.9 (0.7, 1.1)	0.14
Months ago	36	27	1.2 (0.7, 2.1)	0.42
1–30 days	39	30	1.1 (0.7, 1.9)	0.65
Within 24 hours (acute users)	26	4	6.4 (2.2, 18.6)	<0.001
Route of cocaine use
Never users	784	856	1.0 (reference)
Smoke	134	102	1.2 (0.9, 1.6)	0.22
Inhale	204	225	0.9 (0.7, 1.1)	0.24
Inject	22	15	1.3 (0.7, 2.6)	0.40
Route of cocaine use among acute users (within 24 hours)
Never	784	856	1.0 (reference)
Smoke	16	2	7.9 (1.8, 35.0)	0.006
Inhale	8	2	3.5 (0.7, 16.9)	0.11
Inject	2	0	NA	NA
Frequency of intake in the past year†
Median (times per week)	1.23	0.47
Infrequent users, %	36 (3.3)	38 (3.3)	0.9 (0.6, 1.5)	0.81
Frequent users, %	65 (6.0)	23 (2.0)	2.61 (1.60, 4.27)	<0.001
Frequency of intake in the past year, excluding acute users‡
Median (times per week)	1.00	0.47
Infrequent users, %	31 (2.9)	37 (3.2)	0.8 (0.5, 1.4)	0.47
Frequent users, %	44 (4.1)	20 (1.7)	1.9 (1.1, 3.3)	0.02

^*OR (and p-value) was adjusted for age, gender and ethnicity. All analyses were calculated using individuals who had never used cocaine as reference group.

^†Mutually exclusive categories;

^‡Infrequent users were defined as once/week or less; frequent users were defined as cocaine use more than once/week.