Table 1.

Control measures for the management of typhoidal Salmonella

Level	Interventions
Water and sanitation infrastructure	Ready access to potable water
	Use of improved sanitation
	Sewage collection and treatment
Health systems	Accurate, rapid diagnosis, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing
	Identification and treatment of chronic carriers
	Appropriate antimicrobial treatment
	Vaccination*
	Food safety regulations, implementation, and enforcement
Education	Handwashing before eating and before food preparation and after defecation20
	Food safety education

^*Vaccines for paratyphoid fever are not available.