Table 1. Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study references | Country | Design | Clinical setting | Number of patients | Agea | Analysis | PSA (ng/ml) | Reference standard | Previous therapy | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Median | Range | |||||||||
| Beheshti et al, 2010 [12] | Austria | Pro | Staging and restaging | 70 | 68±7 | L | 39.65 | NR | 0.1–239 | Clinical follow-up | None, RP, RT, HT, chemotherapy |
| Evangelista et al, 2015 [22] | Italy | Retro | Staging | 48 | 70±9 (49–86) | P | 38.34 ± 90.12 | 12.7 | 2.80–581.0 | Clinical follow-up | None |
| Fuccio et al, 2010 [13] | Italy | Retro | Restaging | 25 | 70.2 (58–80) | P, L | 11.1 ± 14.38 | 6.3 | 0.2–37.7 | Histopathology and/or clinical follow-up | RP, partial prostatectomy, RT |
| Garcia et al, 2015 [27] | Spain | Pro | Restaging | 169 | 65±11 | P, L | 4.8 | NR | 2.4–58 | Histopathology and/or clinical follow-up | Prostatectomy, RT |
| Huysse et al, 2017 [28] | Belgium | Pro | Restaging | 64 | NR | P, L | NR | 3.1 | 1.2–6.5 | Clinical follow-up | RP, RT, ADT |
| Kitajima et al, 2014 [23] | America | Retro | Restaging | 95 | 65.7 (49–87) | P | 5.26 | 2.5 | 0.58–68.3 | Histopathology and/or clinical follow-up | RP, salvage EBRT, ADT, salvage cryoablation |
| Kitajima et al, 2017 [26] | Japan | Pro | Staging and restaging | 21 | 70.6±10.8 (47–90) | P | 342.9 | NR | 0.2–5916 | Clinical follow-up | None, Prostatectomy, RT, HT |
| Langsteger et al, 2011 [14] | France, Austria | Pro | Staging and restaging | 40 | 66 (51–82) | P, L | NR | NR | 0.38–617 | Clinical follow-up | NR |
| McCarthy et al, 2011 [29] | Australia | Pro | Restaging | 26 | 75.4±8.4 (62–89) | L | NR | 10.5 | 1.6–250 | Clinical follow-up | NR |
| Nanni et al, 2016 [25] | Italy | Pro | Restaging | 89 | 69 (55–83) | P | 6.99±17.5 | 3.35 | 0.20–20.72 | Histopathology and/or clinical follow-up | RP, RT, HT |
| Picchio et al, 2012 [21] | Italy | Retro | Restaging | 78 | 69 (47–82) | P | 21.1 | 2.4 | 0.2–500 | Clinical follow-up | RP, RT, HT |
| Piccardo et al, 2014 [30] | Italy | Pro | Restaging | 21 | 77.2±5.1 (70–85) | L | 5.8 ± 3.4 | 4.9 | 2.2–13.4 | Clinical follow-up | EBRT, ADT |
| Takesh et al, 2012 [24] | Germany | Retro | Restaging | 37 | 69±7 | P | NR | 2.6 | 0.3–21 | Clinical follow-up | RP, RT, HT, ADT |
| Wieder et al, 2017 [31] | Germany | Pro | Restaging | 57 | 68 (54–80) | L | 29.9 | NR | 1.0–670 | Histopathology and/or clinical follow-up | RP |
aExpressed as median or mean ± standard deviation (range)
Pro, prospective; Retro, retrospective; L lesion-based; P, patient-based; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; RP, radical prostatectomy; RT, radiotherapy; HT, hormone therapy; ADT, androgen deprivation therapy; EBRT, external beam radiotherapy; NR, not reported.