Fig. 5.

L-TMPs undergo morphological changes during and after disconnection from the cell body and are comparable in size to exosomes. a Fragmentation of V5G⁺ microvilli particles during and after disconnection from T cells in kinapse on a lipid bilayer (yellow arrows = fragmented sites; blue arrows = sites yet to be fragmented). b Microvillus-originated particles in the process of fragmentation. Cells from (a) were observed by SEM. Yellow arrows indicate the cleavage of L-TMPs into S-TMPs (1). Cyan blue arrows indicate the pre-cleavage sites in the microvilli (2) and L-TMPs (3). c SEM analysis of TMPs generated from CD3⁺ T cells on anti-CD3-coated coverglass. Yellow arrows indicate the cleaved TMPs from microvilli. Cyan blue arrows indicate TMPs budding from microvilli tips. d Mouse and human TMPs were harvested as described in Supplementary Fig. 5 and observed by SEM and TEM. The area and roundness of TMPs from human and mouse T cells were measured using ImageJ and Imaris software, respectively. Data represent the mean of three experiments ± SEM