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. 2018 Sep 7;8:13478. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31175-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Temporal pattern in: (A) precipitation (bars) and water-filled pore space (WFPS; solid line). Gray area represents standard deviation among three soil moisture sensors, (B) soil extractable ammonium, (C) soil extractable nitrate, and (D) N₂O-N flux during the maize growing season (30 Jan 30 to 2 Jun 2015). The first fertilization of 5 kg N ha⁻¹ as ammonium nitrate occurred on 30 Jan 2015 at planting and broadcast fertilization of remaining N as urea was on 20 Feb 2015.