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. 2018 Sep 7;9:3637. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05995-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Modular assembly of the five crucial genes for enhanced NAD⁺ biosynthesis to increase the extracellular electron transfer (EET) rate. a A depiction of the plasmids that incorporated the modular assemblage of the five crucial genes (ycel, pncB, nadM, nadD*, and nadE*) identified from the three modules (Module-1, -2, and -3), which had a significant impact on NAD⁺ biosynthesis. b Voltage output in MFCs of the S. oneidensis recombinant strains programmed with the above plasmids, respectively. c Quantitative measurements of the intracellular NAD⁺, NADH, and total NAD(H/⁺) levels of these recombinant strains in anaerobic cultures. d Quantification of intracellular NAD⁺, NADH, and total NAD(H/⁺) levels of these recombinant strains in MFCs after discharge. e Nicotinic acid (Na) and nicotinamide (Nm) concentrations in the MFCs anolytes of the recombinant S. oneidensis strains. f Lactate consumption in the MFCs inoculated with these S. oneidensis recombinant strains programmed with the above plasmids SN1–SN5, respectively