Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2018 Sep 7;8:13472. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31534-y

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

L-Lactate decreases the rate of cell death triggered by excito-toxic concentration of glutamate. (A) Two representative reversible (A₁) and non-reversible (A₂) Ca²⁺ and QPS recorded from two different neurons after an excito-toxic co-application of glutamate/glycine (1 mM/100 μM; 2 min). (A_1a and A_2a) Fluorescence (top row) and QPS (below) images of neurons before (α & α′), 15 min after (β & β′) and 1 h after (γ & γ′) co-application of glutamate/glycine (Scale bar: 20 μm). The squares in the middle of cells correspond to the regions of interest where the fluorescent (Fura-2; Ratio) and QPS are measured. (A_1b and A_2b) Traces recorded in Fluorescence (red line) and in DHM (black line) from neurons in (A_1a and A_2a). For the neuron in A₁, the fluorescent trace indicates a transient Ca²⁺ signal with a complete recovery concomitant to a reversible decrease of the QPS that are associated with recovery (non-cell death). In contrast, traces recorded in Fluorescence (red line) and in DHM (black line) from the neuron in A_2a show a sustained Ca²⁺-plateau associated with an irreversible decrease of the QPS associated with a cell death process. (B) Bar charts summarizing the percentage of cells displaying a sustained Ca²⁺ -plateau for different concentrations of glutamate (1 μM: n_cult = 9; n_cells = 275; 10 μM: n_cult = 6; n_cells = 276; 100 μM: n_cult = 6; n_cells = 155; 1 mM: n_cult = 7; n_cells = 263). This difference becomes significant for glutamate concentrations from 100 μM. (C) The bar chart shows the percentage of glutamate/glycine-induced Ca²⁺ sustained plateau obtained in different conditions: control (n_cult = 7; n_cells = 263), Ifenprodil (2 μM; n_cult = 6; n_cells = 260), L-Lactate (10 mM; n_cult = 8; n_cells = 282), Pyruvate (10 mM; n_cult = 6; n_cells = 264), D-Lactate (10 mM; n_cult = 6; n_cells = 246), L-Lactate (10 mM) + Carbenoxolone (10 μM) (n_cult = 5; n_cells = 164), L-Lactate (10 mM) + glibenclamide (200 μM) (n_cult = 4; n_cells = 141) and DTT (1 mM; n_cult = 6; n_cells = 154). Only L-Lactate, Pyruvate and Ifenprodil significantly decrease the percentage of cells displaying a sustained Ca²⁺-plateau. Results are presented as means ± SEM (***p < 0.005, One-way Anova/post-test “Dunnett’s” ).