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. 2018 Sep 7;8:13429. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31759-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Summary of network formation and maturation in microfluidics. In the early stage of the culture (DIV 0 to 7, Early), cortical axons and striatal dendrites grow and branch into the synaptic chamber where they form immature contacts. Then (DIV 7 to 14, Mid), synapses form and progressively mature to establish functional excitatory connections that transmit information from cortical to striatal neurons. In the late stage (DIV 14 to 21 and beyond, Late), the system is fully functional with spontaneous and synchronized communication between cortical and striatal neurons.