Fig. 3. Acidosis sensed by acid channels may be translated as autonomic, respiratory, and behavioral symptoms of a panic attack.

Respiratory manifestations could be controlled by the PBN via direct inputs from the hypothalamus and indirect inputs from the SFO. The hypothalamus may regulate autonomic expression through inputs from the amygdala and SFO. Additionally, the hypothalamus, amygdala, and PAG could be involved in behavioral symptoms. AMYGD amygdala, HYP hypothalamus, PAG periaqueductal gray, SFO subfornical organ, PBN parabrachial nucleus