Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of study participants.
| Characteristics | Total sample N = 142 | Intervention group N = 71 | Control group N = 71 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yearsa | 56 ± 11.1 | 55.09 ± 10.16 | 53.49 ± 10.98 |
| Genderb | |||
| (i) Male | 49 (34%) | 23 (32.4%) | 26 (36.6%) |
| (ii) Female | 93 (65.5%) | 48 (67.6%) | 45 (63.4%) |
| Marital statusb | |||
| (i) Married | 117 (82.4%) | 58 (81.7%) | 59 (83.1%) |
| (ii) Single (divorced/widow) | 25 (17.6%) | 13 (18.3%) | 12 (16.9%) |
| Educational statusb | |||
| (i) Primary education | 64 (45.1%) | 33 (46.5%) | 31 (43.7%) |
| (ii) Secondary education | 23 (16.2%) | 12 (16.9%) | 11 (15.5%) |
| (iii) Tertiary education | 55 (38.7%) | 26 (36.6%) | 29 (40.8%) |
| Occupation statusb | |||
| (i) Working | 83 (58.5%) | 28 (39.4%) | 31 (43.7%) |
| (ii) Not working | 59 (41.5%) | 43 (60.6%) | 40 (56.3%) |
| Difficulty paying for basicsb | |||
| (i) Very hard | 7 (4.9%) | 5 (7%) | 2 (2.8%) |
| (ii) Somewhat hard | 96 (67.6%) | 47 (66.2%) | 49 (69%) |
| (iii) Not hard at all | 39 (27.5%) | 19 (26.8%) | 20 (28.2%) |
| Smoking statusb | |||
| (i) Current smoker | 18 (12.7%) | 9 (12.7%) | 9 (12.7%) |
| (ii) Never | 108 (76.1%) | 55 (77.5%) | 53 (74.6%) |
| (iii) Ex-smoker | 16 (11.3%) | 7 (9.9%) | 9 (12.7%) |
| Duration of diabetes, yearsa | 8.9 ± 7.4 | 8.8 ± 7.5 | 9.04 ± 7.31 |
| Presence of at least one comorbidityb | 113 (79.5%) | 57 (80.3%) | 56 (78.9%) |
| Use of SBGMa | 71 (50%) | 32 (45.1%) | 39 (54.9%) |
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 28.78 ± 3.34 | 28.69 ± 3.25 | 28.87 ± 3.46 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)a | 132.3 ± 11.2 | 130.6 ± 9.6 | 133.9 ± 12.4 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)a | 86.6 ± 5.9 | 85.8 ± 5.2 | 87.3 ± 6.4 |
| HbA1ca | 9.32 ± 1.11 | 9.32 ± 1.06 | 9.31 ± 1.15 |
| (i) 8–8.9%b | 59 (41.5%) | 29 (40.8%) | 30 (42.3%) |
| (ii) ≥9%b | 83 (58.5%) | 42 (59.2%) | 41 (57.7%) |
| Triglyceridea | 142.4 ± 34.9 | 142.83 ± 34.4 | 142.09 ± 35.7 |
| Total cholesterola | 172.5 ± 46.8 | 173.14 ± 45.4 | 171.91 ± 48.4 |
| HDLa | 53.44 ± 12.62 | 53.68 ± 12.8 | 53.21 ± 12.4 |
| LDLa | 94.28 ± 27.86 | 95.89 ± 30 | 92.68 ± 25.6 |
Note: aMean ± standard deviation; bfrequency (%); HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; BMI = body mass index; SBMG = self-blood glucose monitoring.