Table 2.
Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures for primary and secondary outcomes.
| Model | Intervention mean (SD) | Control mean (SD) | Significance | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T 1 | T 2 | T 3 | T 1 | T 2 | T 3 | F value | P value | Effect size (Eta square) | |
| HbA1c | 9.3 (1.06) | 8.6 (1.01) | 7.9 (0.93) | 9.3 (1.1) | 9.3 (1.1) | 9.3 (1.1) | |||
| Group | 14.5 | P < 0.001 | 0.09 | ||||||
| Time | 277.6 | P < 0.001 | 0.66 | ||||||
| Group × time | 289.5 | P < 0.001 | 0.67 | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure | 130.7 (9.4) | 129.3 (9.1) | 127.8 (9) | 133.9 (12.3) | 133.7 (12.1) | 133.3 (12) | |||
| Group | 5.9 | 0.01 | 0.04 | ||||||
| Time | 59.1 | P < 0.001 | 0.29 | ||||||
| Group × time | 25.7 | P < 0.001 | 0.15 | ||||||
| Diastolic blood pressure | 85.8 (0.69) | 84.7 (0.67) | 83.4 (0.65) | 87.3 (0.69) | 87.3 (0.67) | 87.1 (0.65) | |||
| Group | 7.4 | P < 0.001 | 0.05 | ||||||
| Time | 61.3 | P < 0.001 | 0.30 | ||||||
| Group × time | 39.3 | P < 0.001 | 0.21 | ||||||
| Weight | 82.58 (11.08) | 82.21 (11.09) | 82 (10.89) | 83.75 (10.93) | 83.77 (10.91) | 83.82 (10.89) | |||
| Group | 0.68 | 0.41 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Time | 4.69 | 0.01 | 0.03 | ||||||
| Group × time | 7.17 | 0.01 | 0.04 | ||||||
| BMI | 28.69 (3.2) | 28.54 (3.2) | 28.55 (3.2) | 28.87 (3.4) | 28.87 (3.4) | 29.89 (3.4) | |||
| Group | 0.24 | 0.62 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Time | 2.59 | 0.07 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Group × time | 3.18 | 0.04 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Triglyceride | 142.83 (34.4) | 141.66 (33.9) | 140.90 (33.7) | 142.09 (35.7) | 142.04 (35.6) | 142.01 (35.6) | |||
| Group | 0.00 | 0.96 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Time | 40.41 | P < 0.001 | 0.22 | ||||||
| Group × time | 33.82 | P < 0.001 | 0.19 | ||||||
| Cholesterol | 173.1 (45.4) | 171.3 (43.8) | 169.09 (43.1) | 171.9 (48.4) | 170.7 (47.02) | 171.88 (46.8) | |||
| Group | 0.006 | 0.93 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Time | 3.15 | 0.06 | 0.02 | ||||||
| Group × time | 0.10 | 0.82 | 0.01 | ||||||
| LDL | 95.89 (30.04) | 95.59 (28.4) | 93.95 (27.9) | 92.68 (25.6) | 93.06 (25.4) | 94.15 (25) | |||
| Group | 0.16 | 0.68 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Time | 0.15 | 0.85 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Group × time | 5.62 | 0.22 | 0.39 | ||||||
| HDL | 53.68 (12.8) | 54.72 (11.6) | 55.38 (11.8) | 53.21 (12.4) | 53.21 (12.5) | 52.76 (12.6) | |||
| Group | 0.55 | 0.45 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Time | 2.66 | 0.28 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Group × time | 6.94 | 0.94 | 0.04 | ||||||
| Efficacy expectation | 98.35 (13.95) | 113.47 (11.07) | 123.47 (11.31) | 98.06 (17.47) | 99.77 (14.48) | 98.44 (15.69) | |||
| Group | 34.3 | P < 0.001 | 0.19 | ||||||
| Time | 152.2 | P < 0.001 | 0.52 | ||||||
| Group × time | 138.7 | P < 0.001 | 0.49 | ||||||
| Outcome expectation | 57.80 (7.11) | 62.85 (5.50) | 66.79 (5.35) | 58.11 (7.50) | 58.04 (7.33) | 58.16 (7.23) | |||
| Group | 16.15 | P < 0.001 | 0.10 | ||||||
| Time | 150.81 | P < 0.001 | 0.51 | ||||||
| Group × time | 147.61 | P < 0.001 | 0.51 | ||||||
| DSMB | 3.56 (1.22) | 4.67 (1) | 5.41 (1.15) | 3.71 (1.40) | 3.67 (1.37) | 3.73 (1.40) | |||
| Group | 16.7 | P < 0.001 | 0.10 | ||||||
| Time | 228.5 | P < 0.001 | 0.62 | ||||||
| Group × time | 221.6 | P < 0.001 | 0.61 | ||||||
| QOL | 50.42 (9.17) | 50.76 (9.06) | 50.67 (9.04) | 50.69 (8.90) | 50.34 (8.83) | 50.39 (8.71) | |||
| Group | 0.00 | 0.92 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Time | 0.07 | 0.86 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Group × time | 10.5 | P < 0.001 | 0.07 | ||||||
| Social support | 52.63 (9.31) | 54.33 (9.42) | 55.37 (9.61) | 55.83 (12.11) | 55.82 (12.63) | 55.91 (12.75) | |||
| Group | 0.88 | 0.34 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Time | 43.6 | P < 0.001 | 0.23 | ||||||
| Group × time | 39.3 | P < 0.001 | 0.21 | ||||||
| Depression | 12.15 (4.99) | 11.98 (4.97) | 11.95 (5.03) | 12.76 (4.66) | 12.84 (4.61) | 12.91 (4.50) | |||
| Group | 1 | 0.31 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Time | 0.51 | 0.55 | 0.01 | ||||||
| Group × time | 9.33 | 0.10 | 0.06 | ||||||
Note: Group: test of between-subject effects; Time: test of within-subject effect; Group × time: interaction between group by time; SD: standard deviation; T1: baseline measurement; T2: 3-month measurement; T3: 6-month measurement; DSMB: diabetes self-management behavior; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; BMI: body mass index; QOL: quality of life; Primary outcome: HbA1c. To interpret effect sizes, 0.02 be considered a “small magnitude,” 0.15 be considered a “medium magnitude,” and 0.35 be considered a “large magnitude” [52].