Table 3.
Latent-Class Differences
| Covariate | Full Sample (N = 1,183) |
1 Inactive (19%) (n = 224) |
2 Academically Oriented (38%) (n = 446) |
3 Casually Connected (31%) (n = 371) |
4 Versatile and Involved (12%) (n = 142) |
Class differences, p ≤ .05 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| M | mean Z score |
M | SE | mean Z score |
M | SE | mean Z score | M | SE | mean Z score |
M | SE | mean Z score |
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| Relationship quality | |||||||||||||||
| Stepfather-child relationship qualitya | 3.83 | 0.00 | 3.04 | (0.08) | −0.87 | 4.04 | (0.06) | 0.23 | 3.71 | (0.08) | −0.14 | 4.49 | (0.05) | 0.72 | 4 > 1, 2, 3; 3 > 1; 2 > 1, 3 |
| Mother-child relationship qualitya | 4.41 | 0.00 | 4.20 | (0.07) | −0.33 | 4.53 | (0.03) | 0.19 | 4.37 | (0.06) | −0.06 | 4.62 | (0.05) | 0.33 | 4 > 1, 3; 3 > 1; 2 > 1, 3 |
| Nonresident father-child involvementb | 2.17 | 0.00 | 2.44 | (0.14) | 0.19 | 2.03 | (0.10) | −0.11 | 2.34 | (0.11) | 0.12 | 2.62 | (0.20) | 0.32 | 4 > 2; 3 > 2; 1 > 2 |
| Stepcouple relationship qualityc | 8.50 | 0.00 | 7.92 | (0.20) | −0.35 | 8.55 | (0.11) | 0.03 | 8.41 | (0.16) | −0.05 | 8.99 | (0.16) | 0.29 | 4 > 1, 2, 3; 3 >1; 2 > 1 |
| Youth-mother interactions (count) | 4.30 | 0.00 | 3.25 | (0.15) | −0.54 | 4.57 | (0.11) | 0.14 | 3.31 | (0.14) | −0.51 | 6.60 | (0.18) | 1.18 | 4 > 1, 2, 3; 2 > 1, 3 |
| Youth well-being | |||||||||||||||
| Youth depressiond | 0.70 | 0.00 | 0.74 | (0.03) | 0.08 | 0.66 | (0.04) | −0.07 | 0.72 | (0.04) | 0.05 | 0.70 | (0.11) | 0.00 | |
| Youth delinquencyd | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.21 | (0.03) | 0.08 | 0.14 | (0.02) | −0.14 | 0.21 | (0.03) | 0.07 | 0.18 | (0.04) | −0.02 | 1, 3 > 2 |
| Youth self-esteema | 4.08 | 0.00 | 3.92 | (0.05) | −0.26 | 4.11 | (0.05) | 0.06 | 4.00 | (0.05) | −0.13 | 4.23 | (0.08) | 0.25 | 4, 2 > 1; 4 > 3 |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | |||||||||||||||
| Youth is female | 0.53 | 0.50 | (0.05) | 0.56 | (0.04) | 0.49 | (0.04) | 0.45 | (0.06) | ||||||
| Youth age | 15.64 | 0.00 | 15.62 | (0.18) | −0.01 | 15.55 | (0.18) | −0.06 | 15.48 | (0.19) | −0.09 | 14.87 | (0.26) | −0.45 | 1, 2, 3 > 4 |
| Youth racial/ethnic identity | |||||||||||||||
| White | 0.62 | 0.74 | (0.05) | 0.79 | (0.03) | 0.70 | (0.04) | 0.67 | (0.08) | 2 > 3 | |||||
| Black | 0.19 | 0.12 | (0.03) | 0.09 | (0.02) | 0.16 | (0.03) | 0.20 | (0.07) | 3 > 2 | |||||
| Hispanic | 0.14 | 0.12 | (0.03) | 0.09 | (0.02) | 0.10 | (0.03) | 0.07 | (0.03) | ||||||
| Asian/Native American/Other | 0.04 | 0.01 | (0.01) | 0.04 | (0.02) | 0.03 | (0.01) | 0.04 | (0.03) | ||||||
| Mother education | 2.57 | 0.00 | 2.47 | (0.13) | −0.11 | 2.61 | (0.07) | 0.04 | 2.51 | (0.08) | −0.06 | 2.71 | (0.14) | 0.15 | |
| Stepfather education | 2.59 | 0.00 | 2.41 | (0.10) | −0.18 | 2.73 | (0.08) | 0.15 | 2.39 | (0.09) | −0.21 | 2.74 | (0.14) | 0.16 | 4, 2 > 1, 3 |
| Household income (in thousands) | 50.02 | 0.00 | 50.27 | (4.37) | 0.01 | 46.64 | (2.90) | −0.07 | 42.97 | (2.86) | −0.15 | 75.38 | (11.65) | 0.55 | 4 > 1, 2, 3 |
| Married (vs. cohabiting) | 0.87 | 0.88 | (0.03) | 0.90 | (0.03) | 0.98 | (0.02) | 0.85 | (0.06) | ||||||
| Mother’s past relationships | 2.05 | 0.00 | 2.08 | (0.10) | 0.03 | 2.14 | (0.05) | 0.12 | 2.09 | (0.05) | 0.05 | 2.06 | (0.09) | 0.02 | |
| Stepfamily duration | 6.73 | 0.00 | 6.15 | (0.40) | −0.14 | 6.73 | (0.33) | 0.00 | 7.04 | (0.34) | 0.08 | 5.70 | (0.56) | −0.25 | 3 > 4 |
| Household composition | 3.77 | 0.00 | 3.53 | (0.15) | −0.16 | 3.59 | (0.12) | −0.12 | 3.79 | (0.11) | 0.01 | 3.76 | (0.26) | −0.01 | |
Note: Means and mean differences were estimated using the 3-step procedure. Estimates were derived from weighted data and standard errors were adjusted for clustering. Means represent class-specific proportions for binary/dummy variables. Mean Z scores are only presented for continuous items.
a
Range: 1 to 5.
b
Range: .33 to 5.
c
Range: 1 to 10.
d
Range: 0 to 3.