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. 2018 May 31;33(5):860–866. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2018.095

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Copyright © 2018 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — Activation of the T helper 17 (Th17) pathway in kidney transplantation recipients with chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD). The proportion of Th17 cells (interleukin 17⁺ [IL-17⁺]/cluster of differentiation 4⁺ [CD4⁺]); the IL-1β, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels; and the IL17, interleukin 33 (IL-33), and RAGE levels in peripheral blood are higher in patients with CAD. Modified from Chung et al. [41]. LTS, long-term stable; ES, early stable; ESRD, end stage renal disease; HC, healthy control; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ^ap < 0.05 for each comparison.